Endo & Lymphatic system

Question 1

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from

Answer 1

cholesterol.

Question 2

Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates

Answer 2

protein kinase

Question 3

The term down-regulation refers to the process by which

Answer 3

a cell decreases the number of receptors it has for a hormone.

Question 4

Cortisol binds to _________ receptors and has the effect of ________ blood glucose levels.

Answer 4

intracellular, raising

Question 5

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

Answer 5

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

Question 6

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Answer 6

Lipid-soluble hormone

Question 7

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling.

Answer 7

paracrine

Question 8

Which hormone group is not secreted by the adrenal cortex?

Answer 8

No exceptions; all choices are secreted by the adrenal cortex

Question 9

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the

Answer 9

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract.

Question 10

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

Answer 10

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 11

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 11

Within the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Question 12

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by

Answer 12

humoral stimulation.Correct

Question 13

Compared to young adults, the elderly usually have ______ levels of circulating growth hormone and _____ levels of circulating sex hormones.

Answer 13

lower, lower

Question 14

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

Answer 14

Ovaries and testes

Question 15

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells.

Answer 15

thyroglobulin

Question 16

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

Answer 16

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many.

Question 17

The metabolic condition called ___________ results from the destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas due to an autoimmune response.

Answer 17

Type 1 diabetes

Question 18

Damage to the liver might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to

Answer 18

increase.

Question 19

The thyroid gland is located

Answer 19

immediately anterior to the trachea.

Question 20

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system?

Answer 20

Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

Question 21

The release of hormones from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by

Answer 21

adrenocorticotropic hormone.

Question 22

Endocrine glands

Answer 22

are ductless glands.
are the organs of the endocrine system.
secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.
help maintain homeostasis.

All of the choices are correct.

Question 23

Glucagon and insulin work _________ on blood glucose levels.

Answer 23

antagonistically

Question 24

The _______ secretes triiodothyronine.

Answer 24

thyroid gland

Question 25

Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion, and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels) would cause the pancreas to _________ insulin secretion.

Answer 25

increase; decrease

Question 26

Antidiuretic hormone (known as ADH or vasopressin)

Answer 26

increases water retention from renal tubules.

Question 27

The hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system connects the hypothalamus to the

Answer 27

adenohypophysis.

Question 28

The pancreas has pancreatic islets composed of primarily alpha and beta cells. Alpha cells secrete

Answer 28

glucagon.

Question 29

Secretion of insulin causes

Answer 29

a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose.

Question 30

Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine functions?

Answer 30

Pancreas

Question 31

Hypersecretion of growth hormone can lead to a condition called _________, while hyposecretion can lead to a disorder called ___________

Answer 31

gigantism; pituitary dwarfism

Question 32

A hormone is a ______ and the target cell is __________.

Answer 32

molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones

Question 33

Tropic hormones

Answer 33

stimulate certain endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

Question 34

The thyroid gland is located ____________ to the larynx and is composed of two lobes connected by a narrow band of tissue called the ___________.

Answer 34

inferior; isthmus

Question 35

Aldosterone promotes the homeostasis of ions by causing the kidneys to

Answer 35

conserve sodium and excrete potassium.

Question 36

Hormone ___________ is the process that deals with enzymatic degradation of hormones and removal of the hormone from the blood by excretion or uptake into the target cells

Answer 36

elimination

Question 37

Which lymphatic organ contains red pulp and white pulp?

Answer 37

Spleen

Question 38

The thoracic duct collects lymph from all of the following except the

Answer 38

right arm.

Question 39

The path that fluid takes as it enters a lymphatic capillary is through

Answer 39

spaces between capillary endothelial cells that are arranged as one-way flaps.

Question 40

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

Answer 40

Left upper quadrant

Question 41

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

Answer 41

ingested or inhaled.

Question 42

B-lymphocytes are

Answer 42

white blood cells that are generated in red bone marrow.

Question 43

The force that drives fluid into lymphatic capillaries is

Answer 43

hydrostatic pressure.

Question 44

The thymus is at its maximum size

Answer 44

At puberty

Question 45

Lymphatic capillaries

Answer 45

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks.

Question 46

Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

Answer 46

Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks

Question 47

The term "primary lymphatic structure" applies

Answer 47

to the red bone marrow and thymus.

Question 48

Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

Answer 48

Cervical lymph nodes

Question 49

With respect to the lymphatic system, what do the letters in the acronym MALT stand for

Answer 49

Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue

Question 50

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the

Answer 50

small intestine.

Question 51

Lymphatic organs

Answer 51

contain a complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 52

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

Answer 52

Thymus gland

Question 53

The thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into the

Answer 53

subclavian veins.

Question 54

The term "swollen glands" is usually meant to refer to lymph nodes in which

Answer 54

lymphocytes are proliferating in germinal centers.

Question 55

Lymphatic capillaries are ____ vessels.

Answer 55

closed-ended

Question 56

If an individual has an infected cut on their thigh, in which region are lymph nodes most likely to enlarge?

Answer 56

inguinal region

Question 57

The primary functions of lymph include

Answer 57

returning proteins to the bloodstream and transporting foreign particles to the lymph nodes

Question 58

Lymph vessels reabsorb what fluid from the tissues and return it to the venous circulation?

Answer 58

Interstitial fluid

Question 59

Besides filtering blood for foreign materials and phagocytosis of old, defective erythrocytes, the spleen is also involved in what other major function

Answer 59

Reservoir of platelets and erythrocytes

Question 60

The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the

Answer 60

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct.

Question 61

The lymph nodes of the axillary region receive lymph mainly from the

Answer 61

upper limb and mammary gland.

Question 62

The lymphatic system contains ____ lymphatic ducts.

Answer 62

2