urinary system

Question 1

Filtration occurs when

Answer 1

blood fluids leave the glomerulus and enter the Bowman’s capsule.

Question 2

Reabsorption occurs when

Answer 2

the filtrate passes from the nephron tubules to the peritubular capillaries.

Question 3

The sodium potassium exchange pump is an example of

Answer 3

active transport.

Question 4

Sympathetic impulses cause the smooth muscle of the bladder wall to contract.

Answer 4

False

Question 5

1. Pendrin is found in __________ intercalated cells where it allows for the ________________ of bicarbonate.

Answer 5

type B; secretion

Question 6

The expected response to metabolic alkalosis is the ___________________ of Pendrin. Type _____________ also assist in buffering the alkaline blood through its transport of H+.

Answer 6

upregulation; B

Question 7

During facilitated diffusion, a given carrier protein can move a substance either into or out of the cell depending on its concentration gradient.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

3. Decreased Na+ and water reaborption due to the use of loop diuretics and thiazides __________ the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid, thereby _____________ the osmotic force at the collecting tubule and duct.

Answer 8

lowers; reducing

Question 9

The nephron loop is responsible for approximately 25% of the reabsorption of sodium. Loop diuretics cause an overall __________________ in the reabsorption of sodium in this region resulting in a(n) ________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate.

Answer 9

decrease; increase

Question 10

The ___________ inside the bladder is formed by imaginary lines connecting the two ureter openings and the urethral opening.

Answer 10

trigone

Question 11

Podocytes and pedicels are part of the

Answer 11

glomerular capsule.

Question 12

The kidneys make the final enzyme for synthesis of the hormone _________, which causes increased calcium absorption in the small intestine.

Answer 12

calcitriol

Question 13

In response to low blood ________, the kidneys secrete __________

Answer 13

oxygen; erythropoietin

Question 14

Which of the following choices lists structures in the order in which urine flows through them?

Answer 14

Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis

Question 15

The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the

Answer 15

minor calyx.

Question 16

The juxtaglomerular cells release the enzyme ______________ when the macula densa cells detect low blood volume or solute concentration.

Answer 16

renin

Question 17

Immunity can be transferred from mother to child. When the child’s immunity is acquired

Answer 17

through the placenta or through breastmilk, it is passive immunity.

Question 18

Which of the following lists the body’s first, second, and third lines of defense in order?

Answer 18

ernal innate immunity, internal innate immunity, adaptive immunity

Question 19

Which type of antigen would have the greatest immunogenicity?

Answer 19

e that is large, complex, foreign, and abundant

Question 20

The immunity that occurs as a result of a vaccination is _________ immunity.

Answer 20

active

Question 21

An individual gets a snake bite and goes to the hospital to receive antibodies against the venom. This individual is acquiring

Answer 21

passive immunity.

Question 22

Nonspecific immunity is another name for

Answer 22

innate immunity.

Question 23

In terms of their chemical structure, cytokines are _______; their function is to serve as _________.

Answer 23

proteins; chemical messengers

Question 24

An immunoglobulin is a(n)

Answer 24

antibody, which is a protein molecule.

Question 25

Often a virus-infected cell will release _________ to prevent spread of the infection.

Answer 25

interferon

Question 26

A delayed response to a specific antigen is provided by

Answer 26

adaptive immunity.

Question 27

A membrane attack complex is a protein grouping that

Answer 27

forms a channel in the target cell membrane that causes cytolysis.

Question 28

Exudate is

Answer 28

fluid that leaves capillaries to "wash" the interstitial space of an injured tissue.

Question 29

Which is not an action of interferon?

Answer 29

It signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked.

Question 30

Defensins and lysosomes are both part of ________ immunity and function as ___________.

Answer 30

innate; attackers of pathogenic cells

Question 31

Inflammation is a(n)

Answer 31

nonspecific process that occurs in vascularized tissue.

Question 32

Chemotaxis is the process by which

Answer 32

cells migrate along chemical gradients.

Question 33

What are considered the effectors of humoral immunity?

Answer 33

Antibodies

Question 34

The primary goal of the immune response is

Answer 34

uction or inactivation of pathogens and foreign material.

Question 35

Proteins that are recaptured from tubular fluid are transported into the luminal membrane by way of

Answer 35

pinocytosis.

Question 36

Which accurately describes the handling of urea by the kidney?

Answer 36

About half of the urea that is filtered is excreted in the urine.

Question 37

The hormone ANP is released from the heart and causes the urinary system to

Answer 37

increase urine volume and decrease blood volume.

Question 38

Micturition

Answer 38

is another name for urination.Incorrect is a reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder. requires the opening of two sphincters. requires contraction of the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder.

Question 39

The renal corpuscle is located within the

Answer 39

enal cortex.

Question 40

Within the urinary system, the storage reflex involves

Answer 40

relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter.

Question 41

What is the value of transitional epithelium in the urinary system?

Answer 41

It allows distension.

Question 42

Pain from the kidneys is usually referred by way of the

Answer 42

sympathetic pathways to the T11–L2 dermatomes.

Question 43

An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the

Answer 43

efferent arteriole.

Question 44

The proximal convoluted tubule is lined with a

Answer 44

cuboidal epithelium with a large surface area.

Question 45

Urine passes from the renal papilla into a

Answer 45

minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis.

Question 46

From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the

Answer 46

s capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat.

Question 47

Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney?

Answer 47

Renal medulla

Question 48

The fibrous capsule of the kidney is composed of

Answer 48

dense irregular connective tissue.

Question 49

Urine flow from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder is produced by

Answer 49

peristalsis of the ureters.

Question 50

How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other?

Answer 50

One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct.

Question 51

The muscularis layer of the urinary bladder is commonly called the _____ muscle.

Answer 51

detrusor

Question 52

In the process of urine formation, first

Answer 52

filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine.

Question 53

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the

Answer 53

proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.

Question 54

Put the portions of the male urethra in the correct order, from the urinary bladder to the exterior. a: Spongy part b: Urethral orifice c: Prostatic part d: Membranous part

Answer 54

c, d, a, b

Question 55

What is the correct sequence of organs for the formation and elimination of urine?

Answer 55

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 56

Normal urine has a specific gravity that is ________ than the specific gravity of pure water; dehydration leads to a __________ in the specific gravity of urine.

Answer 56

higher; increase

Question 57

The most common type of acid-base imbalance is

Answer 57

respiratory acidosis.

Question 58

When blood starts to become too acidic, the kidneys respond by

Answer 58

synthesizing and reabsorbing bicarbonate ions while secreting H+.

Question 59

A comparison of the two major body fluid compartments reveals that

Answer 59

two-thirds of the total fluid is within our cells and one-third is outside our cells.

Question 60

Decreases in blood pressure turn _____ the thirst center of the brain.

Answer 60

On

Question 61

Ingestion of food results in water

Answer 61

intake, as food contains some water.

Question 62

Edema is an example of

Answer 62

fluid sequestration.

Question 63

Diabetes mellitus, profuse sweating, and hyposecretion of ADH can each lead to

Answer 63

dehydration.

Question 64

If someone in an accident suffered severe burns as well as hemorrhage, they would be at high risk for

Answer 64

volume depletion.

Question 65

Interstitial fluid has a relatively _______ concentration of sodium and chloride; the concentrations of ions within the interstitial fluid and blood plasma are very ______.

Answer 65

high; similar

Question 66

Elderly individuals generally have a _______ percentage of body fluid and are therefore _______ prone to fluid imbalances.

Answer 66

low; more