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Cardio-vascular System Flashcards

(40 cards)

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1
Q

What’s the pathway of blood starting from vena cava to aorta ?

A
  1. Superior and inferior vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve / right atrioventricular valve
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Right semi lunar valve
  6. Pulmonary artery
  7. Pulmonary vein
  8. Left atrium
  9. Bicuspid valve / left atrioventricular valve
  10. Left ventricle
  11. Left semi lunar valve
  12. Aorta
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2
Q

What are the three layers of the heart ?

A

Epicardium - outer protective layer
Myocardium - muscle middle layer that undergoes cardiac hyper trophy
Endocardium - thin inner layer

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3
Q

What are the three types of muscles ?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth (veins, capillaries, arteries)

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4
Q

What is maximal exercise ?

A
  • Activity performed at highest intensity level an athlete can achieve
  • Push body to absolute limit
  • improve speed, strength, power
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5
Q

What’s submaximal exercise ?

A
  • Activity with intensity below max capacity of performer
  • Doesn’t push to limit
  • improve cardio vascular endurance
  • lack of strain of the body
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6
Q

What is systole ?

A

Heart contracting and blood is ejected out ventricle
Average is 120

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7
Q

What is diastole ?

A

Heart relaxing And filling with blood
Average 80

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8
Q

What does the cardio vascular system consist of ?

A

Heart
Blood
Blood vessels

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9
Q

What’s the role of CV system ?

A

Deliver O2 and nutrients
Excrete waste products
Regular body temp

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10
Q

What does it mean by the heart being a double pump system ?

A

PULMONARY CIRCUIT: pump deO2 blood to lungs from heart and the O2 blood from lungs to heart

SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT: pump O2 blood from heart to rest of body and deO2 blood from body back to heart

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11
Q

What’s the conduction system ?

A
  1. Sinoatrial node send electrical signal telling heart to beat. Starts in upper right atrium below superior vena cava causing atriums to fill
  2. Atrioventricular node delay signal to allow atriums to fully contract and ventricles to full fill
  3. Signal is then sent down bundle of HIS which splits into branches in each ventricles
  4. Signal then goes to purkinji fibres that surround ventricles and cause them to contact
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12
Q

What does it mean the heart is myogenic ?

A

Beat starts in the heart muscle itself

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13
Q

What’s the role of the conduction system ?

A

Make sure heart beats in correct rhythm and pumps blood efficiently

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14
Q

Definition of heart rate

A

Amount of times heart beats per minute (bpm)
Average female : 72bpm
Average male : 70bpm

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15
Q

Define bradycardia ?

A

Low resting heart rate

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16
Q

define cardiac output

A

Amount of blood pumped out left ventricle per minute
Heart rate X stroke volume
Q = cardiac output

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17
Q

Define stroke volume

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A

Amount of blood pumped out left ventricle per beat

End diastolic volume - end systolic volume

18
Q

How is a higher stroke volume determined ?

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A
  1. Venous return
  2. Frank Starlings Law : greater the elasticity of the cardiac fibres = greater contraction. A greater contraction of cardiac fibres = greater force m
19
Q

What is venous return and how can it be increased ?

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A

Amount of deO2 blood going back to heart

How to increase :

POCKET VALVES: prevent back flow of blood and make sure it goes in 1 direction

SKELETAL MUSCLE PUMP: compress blood vessels increasing blood flow back to heart

RESPIRATORY PUMP: change in pressure in thorax compress veins and push blood back to heart

SMOOTH MUSCLE: blood vessel vasodilate and vasoconstric push blood back to heart

GRAVITY: pull blood from upper body back to heart

20
Q

What is the sinoatrial node (SA Node) ?

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A
  • Natural pacemaker
  • Self excitable so generate own electric signals automatically
  • Made out of pacemaker cells
  • Receive msg from sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
21
Q

How does heart rate change during exercise ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Directly proportional to intensity

  1. Anticipatory rise: adrenaline secretion stimulate SA node to make heart contract faster and stronger
  2. Sharp increase due to anaerobic work and trying to meet demands for O2
  3. Continue rise due to max intensity stressing anaerobic system or plateaus when O2 demand is met
  4. Rapid decrease due to low intensity and demand for O2
  5. Slow gradual drop off as getting back to resting levels still elevated HR to get rid of waste products
22
Q

How does stroke volume change in exercise ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Increase as intensity does
Until 40-60% intensity where SV decreases gradually
High HR = short diastolic phase
Less time for ventricles to fill
Amount of blood pumped out decreases

23
Q

How does cardiac output change in exercise ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Cardiac muscle get bigger and stronger = higher stroke volume and resting HR decreases

25
Cardiac control centre
Found in medulla oblongata in brain Part of the autonomic nervous system ( parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system ) Parasympathetic: slow down HR via vagous nerve Sympathetic: speed up HR via accelerator nerve These send signal to SA which is responsible for controlling HR
26
What happens to PNS AND SNS during rest and exercise ?
At rest PNS is dominant controlling HR PNS keep HR down via vagus nerve and releases hormone acetylcholine Beginning of exercise parasympathetic stimulation is removed enabling gradual increasing in HR Intensity increases so SNS become more dominant and take control of HR
27
What are the three control Mechanism of heart rate ?
Neural control Hormonal control Intrinsic control
28
Neural control in reference to controlling heart rate during exercise :
Receptors pick up changes in body due to increase in physical exercise. PROPRIORECEPTORS: pick up changes in muscle length and tension. Golgi tendon organ detect change in muscle tension and muscle spindle detect change in muscle length CHEMORECEPTORS: detect chemical changes. Low blood pH, hypoxia BARORECEPTORS: detect change in blood pressure. Increase bp during exercise THERMORECEPTORS: detect change in body and muscle temp All send signal to CCC which stimulates SNS which send signal down accelerator nerve to SA node to increase HR
29
Hormonal control in reference to controlling HR:
DURING EXERCISE: Adrenaline released via CCC which stimulates SNS sending signal down accelerator nerve to SA node increasing HR and force of contraction. DURING REST: Acetylcholine secreted stimulate PNS which send signal down vagous nerve to SA node which slow down HR
30
Intrinsic control in reference to controlling HR:
2 factors : Temperature Venous return VENOUS RETURN: - more blood back to right atrium - send signal to SA node stimulate it to increase force and heart rate - meaning more blood forced down ventricles increasing the stretch so stronger contraction increasing SV TEMPERATURE: - increase temp of muscles - stimulate SA node to increase HR
31
32
What does the blood consist of ?
45% blood 55% plasma PLASMA: - water (90-92%) - proteins (7-8%) - dissolved substances (1-2%) BLOOD: - red blood cells - white blood cells - platelets
33
What’s the role of blood ?
Transportation (O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products) Regulation (temp, pH levels) Protection (immune function, clotting)
34
Vascular shunt mechanism:
REST: - blood flow (80%) go to organs - carry out body functions DURING EXERCISE: - increase demand for O2 in muscles - 80% of blood flow redirected to working muscles and away from non essential organs Action of smooth muscle (vasodilation and constriction) and pre capillaries sphincters will direct blood to where it’s needed and away from where it isn’t
35
What is vasoconstriction ?
Smooth muscle contract and lumen narrow
36
What’s vasodilation ?
Smooth muscle relax and lumen widens
37
What are pre capillary sphincters ?
Ring of muscle at junction of arterioles and capillaries Can effectively ‘open’ and ‘close’ capillaries leading to muscle or organ
38
Why is redistribution of blood important ?
1. Increase supply of O2 to working muscles 2. Removal of waste products from muscles 3. Ensure blood goes to skin to regulate body temp and dissipate heat through radiation, evaporation and sweating 4. Direct blood to heart as it is a muscle itself so requires extra O2
39
What does vasomotor control centre control ?
Neural control Control vasodilation and constriction of blood vessels Control redistribution of blood
40
How does vasomotor control centre work ?
CHEMORECEPTORS: Pick up change in chemicals in blood ( increased carbonic and lactic acid ) BARORECEPTORS: Pick up change in systolic blood pressure These receptors inform VCC in medulla oblongata Middle layer of arteriole connected to VCC which is stimulated via sympathetic nerve Increase SNS activation cause vasoconstriction towards non essential organs Increasing bp and redirects it to working muscles

PE (13 decks)

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