Musculoskeletal System And Planes And Axis Flashcards by Alfie Caffrey

What are the two divisions the skeleton is divided into ?

Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the role of the axial skeleton and give examples of some bones ?

Provide shape, support, protection for vital organs and also produce red blood cells

Cranium - protect brain
Thoracic cage - protect lungs and heart
Vertebrae - protect spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s the role of the appendicular skeleton and give some examples of bones ?

Provide movement and muscle attachment

Humerus
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Fibula

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s ossification ?

Bone remodelling

Process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the average amount of bones in human body ?

206

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s cartilage ?

Connective tissue that contains collagen

It’s strong and flexible and it supports and protects structures

Provides smooth surface for movement and there’re 3 types

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three types of cartilage ?

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is hyaline cartilage ?

Found at ends of bones at synovial joint

Smooth and slippery surface to reduce friction and absorb shock

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s elastic cartilage ?

Contain elastic fibres
Highly flexible
Found in ears and epiglottis
Less relevant for joint movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s fibrocartilage ?

Tougher and more durable

Designed to withstand heavy compressive forces

Found in area like intervertebral discs of spine or menisic of the knee

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s needed for strong bone growth ?

Calcium and vitamin D3

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are all the bones in the body from top to bottom ?

Cranium (head)
Mandible (jaw)
Clavicle (collar bone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Sternum (chest)
Ribs
Humerus (upper arm)
Radius (lower arm, ontop)
Ulna (lower arm, under)
Carpals (wrists)
Metacarpals (middle of hand)
Phalanges (fingers)
Vertebrae (spine)
Ilium (pelvis)
Iliac crest (outside of ilium)
Sacrum (pelvis)
coccyx (pelvis)
Femur (thigh)
Patella (knee)
Tibia (shin)
Fibula
Talus
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the 5 sections of the vertebrae ?

Cervical - 7 vertebrae
Thoracic - 12 vertebrae
Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae
Coccyx - 4 fused vertebrae

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What horns articulate at the hip, knee , ankle, elbow and shoulder ?

HIP:
- pelvis and femur
KNEE:
- femur and tibia
ANKLE:
- tibia, fibula and talus
ELBOW:
- humerus, radius and ulna
SHOULDER:
- humerus and scapula

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the diff types of bones ?

Long
Short
Irregular
Flat
Sesamoid

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What the function of long bones and give examples ?

Act as levers for movement
Supper weight
Absorb shock
Produce red blood cells

Femur
Tibia
Humerus
Radius

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s the function of short bones and give examples ?

Provide stability and support
Lots of bone marrow
Provide precise movement

Carpals
Tarsals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s the function of irregular bones and give examples ?

Protect organs
Supper posture
Muscle attachment
Assist movement

Vertebrae
Coccyx
Sacrum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s the function of flat bones and give examples ?

Protect vital organs
Provide area for muscle attachments
Produce blood cells

Cranium
Ribs
Sternum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s the function of sesamoid bones and give examples ?

Protect tendons
Improve muscle efficiency
Reduce friction

Patella
Bones embedded in tendons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are all the muscles in the human body ?

ANTERIOR:
- deltoid
- pectorals
- biceps
- abdominals
- obliques
- hip flexors
- quadriceps : vastus lateralis (outside of the leg), rectus femoris (middle of leg), vastus intermedius (middle of leg underneath rectus femoris), vastus medialis (inside of leg)
- tibialus anterior

POSTERIOR:
- trapezius
- rhomboids (major and minor)
- teres major and minor
- rotator cuff
- latissimus dorsi
- erector spinae
- gluteals
- Hamstring: semimembranosus, semi tendinitis, bicep femoris (long and short head)
- gastronemius: gastronemius muscle, soleus muscle (just on the outside of the calf), Achilles tendon

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s antagonistic muscle action ?

As one muscle contracts the other relaxes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s an agonist ?

Muscle responsible for movement or controlling movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What’s an antagonist ?

Study These Flashcards

Muscles that relaxes and lengthens to allow for movement

Give some examples of antagonistic pairs:

Bicep and tricep Abdominals and erector spinae Pectorals and latissimus dorsi Quads and hamstrings Tibialus anterior and gastrocnemius Gluteals and hip flexors

What’s a synergist ?

Muscle that assists agonist in performing a movement by adding extra force or reduce unnecessary movement

What’s a fixator ?

Muscle that’s stabilised origin of agonist do it can work efficiently Doesn’t contribute to direct movement but prevent unwanted motion elsewhere

What are the diff types of joints ?

Fibrous Cartilagenous Synovial

What’s a fibrous joint ?

- Joint held together by only a ligament - Fixed joint and allows no movement - No joint cavity E.g: cranium, facial bones, pelvic girdle

Whats a cartilaginous joint ?

- It’s where connection between the articulating bones is made up of cartilage - allow for small amount of movement E.g: ribs joining sternum, vertebrae joining to form spine

What’s a synovial joint ?

- Allow for movement in 1 or more directions - fluid filled capsules surrounded by articulated capsule - hyaline cartilage found at ends of bones

What are the diff types of synovial joints ?

Ball and socket Hinge Pivot Condyloid Gliding Saddle

What’s ball and socket joint ?

Allow movement in all directions E.g: hip and shoulder

What’s a hinge joint ?

Allow movement in 1 direction (flexion and extension) E.g: ankle, knee, elbow

What’s a pivot joint ?

Allow for rotational movement E.g: axis and atlis vertebrae in neck, between radius and ulna

What’s a condyloid joint ?

Allow sideways movement E.g: wrists

What’s a gliding joint ?

- Allow slight movement in every direction between 2 flat surfaces - limited range of motion E.g: metatarsals and metacarpals

What’s a saddle joint ?

- Articulating surfaces of bones shaped like saddle and rider - 1 bones surface is concave in 1D and the convex in the other, fitting into complimentary surface of other bone Allows for flexion, extension, abduction and adduction E.g: carpals, tarsals, phalanges

What’s flexion ?

Decreasing the angle at a joint

What’s extension ?

Increasing the angle at a joint

What’s abduction ?

Take limb away from midline of body

What’s adduction ?

Take limb back towards midline of body

What’s plantar flexion ?

Point toes away from body

What’s dorsiflexion ?

Point toe back to body

What’s horizontal flexion ?

Movement of arm across body in transverse plane

What’s horizontal extension ?

Movement of arm away from body in transverse plane

What’s circumduction ?

circular movement that combines four fundamental motions: flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. This results in the distal end of a limb moving in a cone-shaped path while the proximal end remains relatively stationary. This movement typically occurs at ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip.

What’s supination ?

Forearm rotates outwards and palm is face upwards

What’s pronation ?

Forearm rotates inwards and palm is faced downwards

What’s rotation ?

is the movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis, typically without any movement forward or backward. This movement can be: • Medial (internal) rotation – turning a limb toward the midline of the body. • Lateral (external) rotation – turning a limb away from the midline.

What’s lateral extension and flexion ?

Lateral flexion: Movement of the spine sideways, away from the midline of the body. Lateral extension: The return movement of the spine back to the upright position after lateral flexion.

What’s a plane ?

Imaginary flat surface that divide the body 3 types: - Sagittal - frontal - transverse

What’s a sagittal plane ?

Divide body into left and right Allows movement forward and backwards , up and down

What’s a frontal plane ?

Divide body into front and back Allow movement sideways

What’s a transverse plane ?

Divide body into top and bottom Allows for rotational movement

What’s an axis ?

Imaginary line around which body or body parts rotate 3 types: - transverse - frontal - longitudinal

What’s a transverse axis ?

Imaginary line that runs through body side to side (hip to hip)

What’s a frontal axis ?

Imaginary line that runs through body front to back

What’s a longitudinal axis ?

Imaginary like that runs through body top to bottom

Musculoskeletal System And Planes And Axis Flashcards

(59 cards)