Cardio Vascular System for Test Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
In the mediastinum, between the lungs.
2
Q
What structure encloses the heart?
A
Pericardium.
The pericardium is a double-layered sac around the heart.
It has:
1. Fibrous pericardium – tough outer layer that anchors the heart.
2. Serous pericardium – inner layer with:
- Parietal layer (lines the fibrous layer)
- Visceral layer (on the heart surface, also called epicardium)
Between the serous layers is the pericardial cavity with fluid to reduce friction.
3
Q
What are the layers of the heart wall?
A
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.
4
Q
Which chamber has the thickest myocardium?
A
Left ventricle.
5
Q
What valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle?
A
Tricuspid valve.
6
Q
What valve is between the left atrium and left ventricle?
A
Bicuspid (mitral) valve.
7
Q
Which valves are semilunar valves?
A
Pulmonary and aortic valves.
8
Q
What is the function of the papillary muscles?
A
Prevent valve prolapse by anchoring chordae tendineae.
9
Q
What separates the left and right sides of the heart?
A
Interatrial and interventricular septa.
10
Q
What vessel returns blood from the body to the right atrium?
A
Superior and inferior vena cava.
11
Q
Where does the pulmonary trunk carry blood?
A
To the lungs.
12
Q
Where does the aorta carry blood?
A
To the body.
13
Q
Which circulation system supplies blood to the heart muscle?
A
Coronary circulation.
14
Q
What causes the ‘lub’ (S1) heart sound?
A
Closing of AV valves. (atrioventricular - triscupid and mitral) start of systole
15
Q
What causes the ‘dub’ heart sound?
A
Closing of semilunar valves.
S2 (“dub” or “dupp”) = Semilunar valves closing (start of diastole)
Aortic and Pulmonary valves
16
Q
What are the three main types of arteries?
A
Elastic, muscular, and arterioles.
17
Q
What type of capillary has the most permeability?
A
Sinusoidal capillaries.
18
Q
Where are fenestrated capillaries commonly found?
A
Kidneys, small intestine, endocrine glands.
19
Q
What structure regulates blood flow into capillaries?
A
Precapillary sphincters.
20
Q
What is vasomotion?
A
Alternating contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters.
21
Q
What is the main function of capillaries?
A
Exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes.
22
Q
Which vessels act as blood reservoirs?
A
Veins.
23
Q
What prevents backflow in veins?
A
Venous valves.
24
Q
Which veins are superficial in the upper limbs?
A
Cephalic, basilic, median cubital.
25
Which veins are superficial in the lower limbs?
Great saphenous, small saphenous.
26
What is the tunica media made of?
Smooth muscle and elastic fibers.
27
What is the vasa vasorum?
Small blood vessels that supply large blood vessels.
28
What pressure drives filtration in capillaries?
Blood hydrostatic pressure.
29
What pressure drives reabsorption in capillaries?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure.
30
What is the main difference between arteries and veins?
Arteries carry blood away; veins carry blood to the heart.
31
What connects arterioles to venules?
Capillaries.
32
Which arteries are most involved in vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
Muscular arteries.
33
What is transcytosis?
Transport of substances through a cell via vesicles.
34
What is the function of arterioles?
Regulate resistance and blood pressure.
35
What kind of epithelium lines blood vessels?
Simple squamous epithelium (endothelium).
36
What does systemic circulation carry?
Oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart.
37
What does pulmonary circulation do?
Carries deoxygenated blood to lungs and returns oxygenated blood to heart.
38
Which artery supplies the heart muscle?
Coronary arteries.
39
What is the hepatic portal vein?
A vein that carries nutrient-rich blood from GI tract to the liver.
40
What organ receives blood from both the hepatic artery and portal vein?
Liver.
41
What fetal structure bypasses the liver?
Ductus venosus.
42
What fetal structure bypasses the lungs between pulmonary trunk and aorta?
Ductus arteriosus.
43
What fetal shunt allows blood flow from right to left atrium?
Foramen ovale.
44
What happens to fetal circulation structures after birth?
They close and become ligaments.
45
What structure returns blood from coronary circulation to the right atrium?
Coronary sinus.
46
What is the main artery of the thorax?
Descending thoracic aorta.
47
Which arteries supply the diaphragm?
Superior and inferior phrenic arteries.
48
What arteries supply the kidneys?
Renal arteries.
49
What unpaired arteries branch off the abdominal aorta?
Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric.
50
What does the celiac trunk branch into?
Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries.
51
What arteries supply the intestines?
Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries.
52
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
At L4 into right and left common iliac arteries.
53
What artery supplies pelvic organs?
Internal iliac artery.
54
What artery becomes the femoral artery?
External iliac artery.
55
Which vein drains blood from the lower limbs?
External iliac vein.
56
What structure collects blood from abdominal organs and returns it to the liver?
Hepatic portal vein.
57
What structure returns blood from liver to inferior vena cava?
Hepatic veins.
58
Which vein drains the adrenal glands?
Suprarenal vein.
59
Which trunk drains lymph from lower body into thoracic duct?
Cisterna chyli.
60
Which arteries supply the adrenal glands?
Suprarenal arteries.
61
What arteries branch from the aortic arch?
Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian.
62
Which artery supplies the brain?
Internal carotid and vertebral arteries.
63
What forms the Circle of Willis?
Internal carotid and basilar artery branches.
64
What veins drain the brain?
Dural venous sinuses.
65
Which vein drains blood from the brain?
Internal jugular vein.
66
What vein is often used to check for increased intracranial pressure?
Internal jugular vein.
67
Where does the external jugular vein drain?
Subclavian vein.
68
What is the function of the vertebral arteries?
Supply posterior part of the brain.
69
Which artery is a continuation of the subclavian artery?
Axillary artery.
70
Where does the brachiocephalic trunk branch?
Into right subclavian and right common carotid.
71
What is the function of the superior sagittal sinus?
Drains CSF and venous blood from the brain.
72
What is the cavernous sinus?
A dural sinus that drains the orbit and pituitary.
73
Which artery is palpated at the side of the neck?
Common carotid artery.
74
Which sinus is prone to thrombosis and infection?
Cavernous sinus.
75
What forms the external jugular vein?
Superficial veins of the face and scalp.
76
What artery supplies the upper limb?
Subclavian artery.
77
What artery becomes the brachial artery?
Axillary artery.
78
Which arteries branch from the brachial artery?
Radial and ulnar arteries.
79
What artery supplies the palm?
Superficial and deep palmar arches.
80
What is the longest vein in the body?
Great saphenous vein.
81
What artery supplies the thigh?
Femoral artery.
82
What artery supplies the posterior leg?
Posterior tibial artery.
83
What artery supplies the anterior leg?
Anterior tibial artery.
84
Where can the dorsalis pedis pulse be palpated?
Top of the foot.
85
What connects the dorsal venous arch to deep veins in the leg?
Perforating veins.
86
Which vein is used for coronary bypass grafts?
Great saphenous vein.
87
What artery passes behind the knee?
Popliteal artery.
88
What vein drains the lateral aspect of the leg?
Small saphenous vein.
89
Where does the femoral vein drain into?
External iliac vein.
90
What vein is commonly used for venipuncture in the arm?
Median cubital vein.
91
What is the cardiac cycle?
The events of one heartbeat.
92
Which phase involves atrial contraction?
Atrial systole.
93
Which phase involves ventricular contraction?
Ventricular systole.
94
What causes the first heart sound (S1)?
Closure of AV valves.
95
What causes the second heart sound (S2)?
Closure of semilunar valves.
96
What is isovolumetric contraction?
Ventricles contract with no volume change.
97
What is stroke volume?
Volume of blood ejected per beat.
98
What is cardiac output?
Stroke volume × heart rate.
99
What factors increase cardiac output?
Increased HR or stroke volume.
100
What is preload?
The degree of stretch in the ventricles before contraction.
101
What is afterload?
Resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood.
102
What is contractility?
Force of contraction independent of stretch.
103
How does sympathetic stimulation affect HR?
Increases it.
104
How does parasympathetic stimulation affect HR?
Decreases it.
105
Which hormone increases HR and contractility?
Epinephrine.
106
What nerve slows down the heart rate?
Vagus nerve.
107
What is the ejection fraction?
Percentage of EDV ejected per beat.
108
What is the normal heart rate range?
60–100 bpm.
109
What is a heart murmur?
Abnormal heart sound due to turbulent blood flow.
110
What does the ECG QRS complex represent?
Ventricular depolarization.
111
What is blood pressure?
Force of blood against vessel walls.
112
What is MAP?
Mean arterial pressure: diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure.
113
What is pulse pressure?
Systolic - diastolic pressure.
114
What is vascular resistance?
Opposition to blood flow.
115
What factors affect resistance?
Vessel diameter, blood viscosity, vessel length.
116
What law relates resistance to vessel diameter?
Poiseuille’s law.
117
What controls vasomotor tone?
Vasomotor center in medulla.
118
What does baroreceptor reflex do?
Regulates BP by adjusting HR and vessel diameter.
119
Where are baroreceptors located?
Carotid sinus and aortic arch.
120
What hormone causes vasoconstriction and water retention?
ADH (vasopressin).
121
What hormone increases Na+ retention and blood volume?
Aldosterone.
122
What hormone causes vasodilation and salt excretion?
ANP.
123
What system activates renin release?
RAAS.
124
What is shock?
Inadequate tissue perfusion.
125
What is hypovolemic shock?
Due to blood or fluid loss.
126
What is cardiogenic shock?
Due to heart pump failure.
127
What is vascular shock?
Due to extreme vasodilation.
128
What is obstructive shock?
Due to blockage of circulation.
129
What aids venous return?
Skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump.
130
What vessel has the highest BP?
Aorta.
131
What are the components of blood?
Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
132
What is hematocrit?
Percentage of RBCs in blood.
133
What protein carries oxygen in RBCs?
Hemoglobin.
134
What cell fragments help in clotting?
Platelets.
135
What is the function of albumin?
Maintain osmotic pressure.
136
What are globulins?
Transport proteins and antibodies.
137
What is fibrinogen?
Plasma protein for clotting.
138
What is serum?
Plasma without clotting proteins.
139
What is the pH of blood?
About 7.35–7.45.
140
What is the average blood volume in adults?
5–6 liters.
141
What is the function of plasma?
Transport nutrients, hormones, and waste.
142
Where are blood cells produced?
Red bone marrow.
143
What hormone regulates RBC production?
Erythropoietin.
144
What is hemopoiesis?
Formation of blood cells.
145
What is anemia?
Low oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
146
What shape are RBCs?
Biconcave discs.
147
Do mature RBCs have nuclei?
No.
148
What is the lifespan of an RBC?
About 120 days.
149
Where are old RBCs broken down?
Liver and spleen.
150
What happens to iron from hemoglobin?
It is recycled.
151
What does heme become after RBC breakdown?
Bilirubin.
152
What carries iron in the blood?
Transferrin.
153
Where is erythropoietin produced?
Kidneys.
154
What condition stimulates erythropoietin release?
Hypoxia.
155
What is polycythemia?
Abnormally high RBC count.
156
What is the average RBC count?
About 4.5–6 million/µL.
157
What enzyme in RBCs helps convert CO₂?
Carbonic anhydrase.
158
What is the main function of RBCs?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
159
What part of hemoglobin binds oxygen?
Iron in the heme group.
160
What is a reticulocyte?
Immature RBC.
161
What vitamin is required for RBC production?
Vitamin B12.
162
What is hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen in tissues.
163
What is hemoglobin's oxygen-carrying capacity?
Each Hb carries up to 4 O₂.
164
What is iron stored as in cells?
Ferritin or hemosiderin.
165
Where does erythropoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow.
166
What is the normal WBC count?
5,000–10,000 cells/µL.
167
Which WBCs are granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
168
Which WBCs are agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes, monocytes.
169
What WBCs are most abundant?
Neutrophils.
170
Which WBCs fight parasites?
Eosinophils.
171
Which WBCs mediate allergic reactions?
Basophils.
172
Which WBCs produce antibodies?
B lymphocytes.
173
Which WBCs provide cellular immunity?
T lymphocytes.
174
Which WBCs are part of nonspecific immunity?
Natural killer (NK) cells.
175
What WBCs become macrophages?
Monocytes.
176
What is the function of lymphocytes?
Adaptive immunity.
177
What is the function of monocytes?
Phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
178
What is the function of basophils?
Release histamine and promote inflammation.
179
What are antigens?
Molecules that trigger an immune response.
180
What are antibodies?
Proteins that bind specific antigens.
181
What are the ABO blood groups?
A, B, AB, O.
182
What type is the universal donor?
Type O negative.
183
What type is the universal recipient?
Type AB positive.
184
What is agglutination?
Clumping of RBCs due to antibodies.
185
What does Rh+ mean?
Presence of D antigen.
186
Can Rh- person receive Rh+ blood?
Only once; after that, antibodies form.
187
What antibodies are in type A blood?
Anti-B antibodies.
188
What antibodies are in type B blood?
Anti-A antibodies.
189
What antibodies are in type O blood?
Anti-A and anti-B.
190
What antigens are on type AB RBCs?
A and B antigens.
