Cardiology

Question 1

What is the primary physical exam finding associated with a ventricular septal defect (VSD)?

Answer 1

A loud, holosystolic murmur best heard at the left lower sternal border.

Question 2

True or False: Atrial septal defect (ASD) typically presents with a diastolic murmur.

Answer 2

False.

Question 3

Fill in the blank: A common physical exam finding in patients with ASD is a _____ heart sound.

Answer 3

fixed split S2.

Question 4

Which of the following is a potential treatment option for significant VSD? A) Observation, B) Surgical repair, C) Medication only, D) None of the above.

Answer 4

B) Surgical repair.

Question 5

What is the primary goal of treatment for ASD?

Answer 5

To close the defect and prevent complications such as right heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.

Question 6

What is a common physical exam finding in patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)?

Answer 6

A continuous ‘machinery’ murmur best heard at the left infraclavicular area.

Question 7

True or False: A wide pulse pressure is often observed in patients with patent ductus arteriosus.

Answer 7

True.

Question 8

Fill in the blank: The treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in infants often includes the use of ________ to promote closure.

Answer 8

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) such as indomethacin.

Question 9

What imaging study is commonly used to confirm the diagnosis of patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 9

Echocardiography.

Question 10

What is the surgical treatment option for patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 10

Ligation of the ductus arteriosus.

Question 11

What is a common physical exam finding in patients with coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 11

Differential blood pressure readings between the upper and lower extremities.

Question 12

True or False: Patients with coarctation of the aorta often present with normal blood pressure in the legs.

Answer 12

False

Question 13

Fill in the blank: Coarctation of the aorta can lead to __________ pulses in the lower extremities.

Answer 13

weak or absent

Question 14

What might be auscultated over the back in a patient with coarctation of the aorta?

Answer 14

A continuous murmur or bruit.

Question 15

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a common physical finding in coarctation of the aorta? A) Hypertension in the arms B) Weak femoral pulses C) Tachycardia D) Normal blood pressure in the arms

Answer 15

D) Normal blood pressure in the arms

Question 16

What are the four classic defects in Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 16

Ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and overriding aorta.

Question 17

True or False: A characteristic physical exam finding in Tetralogy of Fallot is a loud, harsh systolic murmur.

Answer 17

True.

Question 18

Fill in the blank: Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot may exhibit ________ due to reduced oxygenation.

Answer 18

cyanosis.

Question 19

Which heart sound is often diminished in patients with Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 19

S2 (second heart sound).

Question 20

Multiple Choice: What is a common position that children with Tetralogy of Fallot assume during a tet spell? A) Standing B) Squatting C) Lying flat D) Sitting

Answer 20

B) Squatting.

Question 21

What is the primary surgical treatment for Tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 21

The primary surgical treatment is complete repair, which typically involves closing the ventricular septal defect and relieving right ventricular outflow tract obstruction.

Question 22

True or False: Transposition of the great vessels is usually treated with balloon atrial septostomy as the first step.

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The surgical procedure to correct transposition of the great vessels is called __________.

Answer 23

arterial switch operation

Question 24

Which condition requires early intervention to maintain adequate oxygenation in patients?

Answer 24

Transposition of the great vessels

Question 25

What is a common palliative procedure performed in infants with Tetralogy of Fallot before definitive repair?

Answer 25

Blalock-Taussig shunt

Question 26

What is a common physical exam finding in patients with transposition of the great arteries?

Answer 26

A single, loud second heart sound (S2) due to the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

Question 27

True or False: Patients with transposition of the great arteries typically present with a murmur due to a ventricular septal defect.

Answer 27

False

Question 28

Fill in the blank: In transposition of the great arteries, the _______ pulse may be normal or slightly decreased.

Answer 28

femoral

Question 29

Which physical exam finding is associated with cyanosis in transposition of the great arteries?

Answer 29

Peripheral cyanosis, particularly in the fingers and toes.

Question 30

What type of heart sound may be present in patients with transposition of the great arteries due to associated conditions?

Answer 30

A systolic ejection murmur may be noted if there is a coexisting left ventricular outflow obstruction.

Question 32

What is a cardiac murmur?

Answer 32

A cardiac murmur is an abnormal sound produced by turbulent blood flow within the heart or blood vessels.

Question 33

True or False: All cardiac murmurs indicate heart disease.

Answer 33

False. Some murmurs can be benign and not indicative of any heart disease.

Question 34

What are the two main categories of cardiac murmurs?

Answer 34

The two main categories are systolic murmurs and diastolic murmurs.

Question 35

Fill in the blank: Systolic murmurs occur between _____ and _____ heart sounds.

Answer 35

S1 and S2

Question 36

Which physical exam finding is often associated with aortic stenosis?

Answer 36

A systolic ejection murmur best heard at the right second intercostal space.

Question 37

What is the characteristic sound of mitral regurgitation?

Answer 37

A holosystolic (or pansystolic) murmur best heard at the apex.

Question 38

Multiple choice: Which murmur is typically heard during diastole? A) Aortic stenosis B) Mitral stenosis C) Ventricular septal defect

Answer 38

B) Mitral stenosis

Question 39

What type of murmur is associated with a 'blowing' sound?

Answer 39

Mitral regurgitation murmur is often described as 'blowing'.

Question 40

True or False: A murmur that increases with inspiration is typically associated with right-sided heart issues.

Answer 40

True.

Question 41

What physical exam maneuver can help differentiate between aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 41

The Valsalva maneuver.