Respiratory diseases

Question 1

What is the hallmark clinical symptom of croup?

Answer 1

Barking cough

Question 2

True or False: Croup is primarily caused by bacterial infections.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Fill in the blank: The most common viral cause of croup is __________.

Answer 3

parainfluenza virus

Question 4

What age group is most commonly affected by croup?

Answer 4

Children aged 6 months to 3 years

Question 5

What is the recommended management for mild croup?

Answer 5

Home care with reassurance and hydration

Question 6

What is the most common cause of epiglottitis in children?

Answer 6

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)

Question 7

True or False: Epiglottitis is characterized by sudden onset of fever, sore throat, and stridor.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Fill in the blank: The classic position a child with epiglottitis may adopt is __________.

Answer 8

tripod position

Question 9

Which diagnostic tool is most commonly used to confirm epiglottitis?

Answer 9

Lateral neck X-ray

Question 10

What is the first-line management for a child diagnosed with epiglottitis?

Answer 10

Airway management and intravenous antibiotics

Question 11

What is a double aortic arch?

Answer 11

A congenital vascular anomaly where the aorta forms two arches around the trachea and esophagus.

Question 12

True or False: Double aortic arch can lead to respiratory and swallowing difficulties in infants.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Fill in the blank: The clinical features of double aortic arch often include __________ and stridor.

Answer 13

wheezing

Question 14

Which imaging modality is most commonly used for diagnosing double aortic arch?

Answer 14

MRI or CT angiography.

Question 15

What is the primary treatment for symptomatic double aortic arch?

Answer 15

Surgical division of the aortic arches.

Question 17

What is the most common cause of pneumonia in children under 5 years of age?

Answer 17

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 18

True or False: Viral infections are a significant cause of pneumonia in children.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

Fill in the blank: The most common viral pathogens causing pneumonia in children include __________.

Answer 19

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and parainfluenza virus

Question 20

What age group is at the highest risk for developing pneumonia?

Answer 20

Children under 2 years of age

Question 21

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of pediatric pneumonia? A) Cough B) Fever C) Rash D) Difficulty breathing

Answer 21

C) Rash

Question 22

What is the first-line antibiotic treatment for community-acquired pneumonia in children?

Answer 22

Amoxicillin

Question 23

Short Answer: Name one risk factor for developing pneumonia in children.

Answer 23

Exposure to tobacco smoke

Question 24

True or False: Vaccination can help prevent some types of pneumonia in children.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What is the primary method of diagnosing pneumonia in pediatric patients?

Answer 25

Chest X-ray

Question 26

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common complication of pneumonia in children? A) Dehydration B) Pneumothorax C) Sepsis D) All of the above

Answer 26

D) All of the above

Question 27

What is the primary genetic mutation associated with cystic fibrosis?

Answer 27

The primary genetic mutation associated with cystic fibrosis is in the CFTR gene.

Question 28

True or False: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal dominant disorder.

Answer 28

False: Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder.

Question 29

Fill in the blank: Cystic fibrosis primarily affects the _____ and _____ systems.

Answer 29

respiratory; digestive

Question 30

What is the most common clinical feature of cystic fibrosis in infants?

Answer 30

Meconium ileus is the most common clinical feature in infants.

Question 31

Which diagnostic test is most commonly used to confirm cystic fibrosis?

Answer 31

The sweat chloride test is the most commonly used diagnostic test.

Question 32

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of cystic fibrosis? A) Chronic cough B) Frequent lung infections C) Increased appetite D) Pancreatic insufficiency

Answer 32

C) Increased appetite

Question 33

What is the pathophysiological mechanism behind the thick mucus production in cystic fibrosis?

Answer 33

The thick mucus production is due to defective chloride ion transport across epithelial cells.

Question 34

Short Answer: Name one potential complication of cystic fibrosis.

Answer 34

One potential complication of cystic fibrosis is bronchiectasis.

Question 35

True or False: Cystic fibrosis can be diagnosed through genetic testing.

Answer 35

True: Genetic testing can be used to diagnose cystic fibrosis.

Question 36

What role does the CFTR protein play in the body?

Answer 36

The CFTR protein regulates the movement of chloride and sodium ions across epithelial cell membranes.

Question 37

What is the primary pharmacological treatment for cystic fibrosis in children?

Answer 37

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators.

Question 38

True or False: Antibiotics are commonly used in the management of cystic fibrosis to treat lung infections.

Answer 38

True.

Question 39

Fill in the blank: __________ is an inhaled medication that helps to thin mucus in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Answer 39

Dornase alfa.

Question 40

Which class of drugs is used to manage pancreatic insufficiency in cystic fibrosis patients?

Answer 40

Pancreatic enzyme replacements.

Question 41

What is the purpose of using hypertonic saline in cystic fibrosis treatment?

Answer 41

To improve airway hydration and mucus clearance.

Question 42

What is a common non-pharmacological treatment for cystic fibrosis?

Answer 42

Chest physiotherapy

Question 43

True or False: Exercise is considered a non-pharmacological treatment for cystic fibrosis.

Answer 43

True

Question 44

Fill in the blank: Non-pharmacological treatments for cystic fibrosis aim to improve __________ and overall quality of life.

Answer 44

lung function

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a non-pharmacological treatment for cystic fibrosis? A) Diet management B) Antibiotic therapy C) Airway clearance techniques

Answer 45

B) Antibiotic therapy

Question 46

Name one psychological support method that can be beneficial for patients with cystic fibrosis.

Answer 46

Counseling or support groups