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Medicine > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What forms intercalated disks

A

Desmosome
Gap junction

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2
Q

What causes the rapid depolarisation phase of cardiac muscle

A

Sodium influx

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3
Q

What causes the slow repolarisation phase of cardiac muscle

A

Calcium Influx

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4
Q

What condition is described as sawtooth pattern on an ECG

A

Atrial flutter

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5
Q

What condition is no P waves on an ECG

A

Atrial fibrillation

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6
Q

What is a normal PR interval

A

> 0.12s - <0.2s

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7
Q

What is a normal QRS complex

A

<0.12s

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8
Q

What is normal QT interval at 60bpm

A

<0.42s

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9
Q

What is Standard limb lead 1

A

RH -
LH +

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10
Q

What is Standard limb lead 2

A

RH -
LF +

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11
Q

What is Standard limb lead 3

A

LH -
LF +

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12
Q

What are the possible systolic murmurs

A

Aortic/pulmonary stenosis
OR
Mitral/Tricuspid Regurgitation

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13
Q

What are the possible diastolic murmurs

A

Mitral/Tricuspid stenosis
OR
Pulmonary/Aortic regurgitation

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14
Q

What could cause a continuous murmur

A

Patent ductus arteriosus

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15
Q

How is cardiac output calculated

A

HR x SV

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16
Q

What is a normal ejection fraction

A

60%

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17
Q

How is ejection fraction calculated

A

SV/EDV

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18
Q

How is heart rate regulated

A

Controlled by pacemaker cells
ANS
- Sympathetic B1 receptors on SA node
- Parasympathetic muscarinic receptors on SA node

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19
Q

What 3 factors affect Stroke volume

A

Preload
Afterload
Neural - Contractility

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20
Q

What ion allows variable contractility of cardiac muscle

A

Ca2+

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21
Q

What 5 factors affect venous return

A

Gravity
Skeletal muscle pump
Respiratory pump
Venomotor tone
Systemic filling pressure

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22
Q

What are the 3 types of capillary

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Discontinuous

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23
Q

What 4 things can cause oedema

A

Raised venous pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Hypoproteinaemia
Increased capillary permeability

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24
Q

How is mean arterial pressure calculated

A

CO x TPR

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25
What are the 4 causes of local hyperaemia
Metabolite hyperaemia Reactive hyperaemia Pressure autoregulation Injury response
26
What is the mechanism of injury response hyperaemia
C-Fibres activated Release of substance P Mast cell activation
27
What is the mechanism of metabolite hyperaemia
Cell metabolites move into blood Endothelium releases EDRF/NO Causes dilatation
28
What is the mechanism of reactive hyperaemia
Decreased blood flow => flow increased Extreme version of pressure autoregulation
29
What is the mechanism of pressure autoregulation
Increased MAP decreases flow => metabolites accumulate => NO/EDRF released Dilatation
30
What effect does noradrenaline have on systemic arterioles
Vasoconstriction
31
What receptor does noradrenaline act on in systemic arterioles
Alpha-1
32
Which 2 areas blood flow is affected by the parasympathetic nervous system
Genetalia Salivary glands
33
Where is adrenaline released
Adrenal medulla
34
What receptor does adrenaline act on in systemic arterioles
Alpha-1
35
How does hypoxia differ in pulmonary vessels to systemic vessels
Systemic hypoxia - dilation Pulmonary hypoxia - constriction
36
What 3 areas have very good blood pressure control
Coronary circulation Cerebral circulation Renal circulation
37
Where are baroreceptors located
Aortic arch Carotid sinus
38
What is the function of baroreceptors
Detect changes in blood pressure
39
What nerve communicates information from aortic baroreceptors
Vagus
40
What nerve communicates information from carotid sinus baroreceptors
Glossopharyngeal
41
Where do the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves communicate information to
Medullary cardiovascular centres
42
How do baroreceptors work
Releases action potentials when stretched
43
Which organ controls long term blood pressure control
kidneys
44
Where is renin produced
Juxtaglomerular (granule) cells
45
What triggers renin production
Sympathetic innervation of juxtaglomerular apperatus Renal baroreflex Decreased delivery of Na/Cl through tubule
46
What does renin do
Convert angiotensin to angiotensin I
47
What converts angiotensin I to Angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting enzyme
48
What effect does angiotensin have systemically
Increased MAP
49
What 2 substances are released by angiotensin
Aldosterone Anti diuretic hormone
50
Where antidiuretic hormone produced
Hypothalamus
51
Where antidiuretic hormone released
Posterior pituitary
52
What systemic effects does antidiuretic hormone have
Increased MAP
53
Where is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide produced
Atria
54
Where is Brain Natriuretic Peptide produced
Ventricles
55
What systemic effects do ANP and BNP have
Reduce MAP
56
What are stage 1, 2 and 3 hypertension classified as
1 - 140/90 2 - 160/100 3 - 180/120
57
What is the name of the risk calculator for blood pressure
Assign risk calculator
58
Contradictions to ACEi
Impaired renal function Hyperkalaemia Fertile Female Taking NSAIDS
59
How is a complicated plaque defined
Plaque rupture/fissuring Thrombosis
60
Most important risk factor in atheroma
Hypercholesterolaemia
61
Signs of hyperlipidaemia
Bloods - LDL, HDL, total cholesterol Corneal arcus Xanthelasmata/Xanthomata Family History
62
Prevention of atheroma
Smoking cessation BP control Weight loss Diet modification Exercise
63
Treatment of atheroma
Cholesterol lowering drugs Blood thinners Surgical options
64
Other risk factors of atheroma
Smoking hypertension Diabetes Male Elderly
65
Most common cause of mitral stenosis
Rheumatic fever
66
4 types of hypoxia
Hypoxic Anaemic Stagnant Cytotoxic
67
What is hypoxic hypoxia
Due to respiratory causes
68
What is anaemic hypoxia
Blood cant carry enough O2
69
What is stagnant hypoxia
Abnormal blood delivery
70
What is cytotoxic hypoxia
Abnormal O2 delivery at tissue level

Medicine (13 decks)

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