General Anatomy Flashcards
Semester 1 anatomy (208 cards)
1
Q
Types of cell-cell junction
A
- Tight – seals intercellular spacer
- Gap – communication
- Desmosomes – adhesion ie
intercalated disk
2
Q
What do epithelia lie on
A
Basement membrane
o Basal lamina
o Reticular lamina
3
Q
Types of cell-ECM junction
A
- Hemidesmosome – half
desmosome - Skin basal lamina
- Blood vessel endothelium-basal
lamina
4
Q
Epithelia secondary roles
A
- Thick – wear and tear
- Thin – diffusion
- Ciliated – movement
- Villi – absorption
5
Q
Classifications of epithelia
A
- Simple
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- All can be stratified – multi layer
6
Q
Special classifications of epithelia
A
- Transitional – urinary system also
called urothelium - Pseudostratified columnar –
common in large tubes of resp
system
7
Q
Types of exocrine gland
A
Merocrine
Apocrine
Holocrine
8
Q
How does merocrine gland work
A
Secretions from cells
9
Q
How do apocrine glands work
A
Parts of cell break off and are secreted
10
Q
How does holocrine gland work
A
Whole cells are formed and secreted from gland which break up
11
Q
What are myoepithelial cells
A
Squeeze secretions out of glands
12
Q
Where do endocrine glands secrete
A
Into the blood
13
Q
Types of connective tissue
A
Blood/bone marrow
Loose
Dense - regular/irregular
Cartilage
Bone
Fat
14
Q
What composes the ECM in connective tissue
A
Fibres
Ground substance
Tissue fluid
15
Q
Types of fibre in connective tissue ECM
A
Collagen (reticulin very common)
Elastin
16
Q
Classification of bones (6)
A
Flat
Short
Long
Irregular
Sesamoid
Sutural
17
Q
Types of bone (2)
A
Spongy/cancellous
Compact/cortical
18
Q
What membrane surrounds bone
A
Periosteum
Endosteum
19
Q
Where is red marrow found
A
Epiphysis and metaphysis
20
Q
Where is yellow marrow found
A
Diaphysis
21
Q
What is the space within the compact bone called
A
Medullary cavity
22
Q
What is the structure of compact bone
A
Osteons and haversian systems
23
Q
What is the structure of a haversian system
A
Osteon surrounds haversian canal
24
Q
What vessels connect haversian canals
A
Volkmann’s Canals
25
What is bone matrix called
Lamellae
26
What makes up osteons
Osteocytes
Concentric ring of lamellae
Around haversian canal
27
How are osteocytes connected
Gap junctions that pass through a channel called called:
Canaliculi
28
What fills space in cancellous bone
Bone marrow
29
What determines orientation of trabecular bone
Reflects main directions of mechanical force
30
3 types of cell in bone
Osteoclast
Osteoblast
Osteocyte
31
What makes up bone ECM
45% Hydroxyapatite crystals
35% Type 1 collagen
20% Water
32
What is hydroxyapatite a complex form of
Calcium phosphate
33
Where are osteoclasts found
Bone surface
34
What does an osteoclast look like
Ruffled border
Multinucleated
35
What is the pit in bone left by an osteoclast called
Howship's lacunae - resorption pit
36
Where do osteoblasts come from
Created from osteoprogenitor cells in peri/endosteum
37
Function of osteoblasts
Produce bone matrix and initiate calcification
38
Where do osteocytes come from
Osteoblasts once they're surrounded by matrix
39
What is unmineralised bone matrix called
Osteoid
40
What is it called when bone
resorption > formation
Osteoporosis
41
What is it called when bone
resorption < formation
Osteopetrosis
42
What is it called when bone
resorption and formation is increased
Paget's Disease
43
2 types of bone ossification
Endochondral
Intramembraneous
44
Where does endochondral ossification occur
Within epiphyseal growth plate
45
What is endochondral ossification
Bone replaces cartilage model
46
What is intramembraneous ossification
Mesenchymal cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells into osteoblasts which deposit bone
47
What do mesenchymal cells that don't become osteoprogenitor cells become
Blood vessels and bone marrow
48
2 Types of bone growth
Appositional
Interstitial
49
How is appositional bone growth mainly mediated
Intramembraneous bone growth
50
How is interstitial bone growth mainly mediated
Endochondral bone growth
51
What types of cell are in cartilage
Chondrocytes
Chondroblasts
52
What is cartilage ECM made up of
75% water
Mixed molecules
Fibres
53
3 main types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
54
What is the weakest type of cartilage
Hyaline
55
Appearance of hyaline cartilage
Glassy
56
Examples of hyaline cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plate
Nose and Ears
Trachea
Ribs
Larynx
57
What structure does elastic cartilage have to make it elastic
Elastin as well as collagen
58
Where is elastic cartilage found
Ear
Larynx
Epiglottis
59
What is the strongest type of cartilage
Fibrocartilage
60
Where is fibrocartilage found
Joint capsules
Ligament/tendon insertions
Intervertebral disks
61
How does cartilage get its nutrition
Pores from blood vessels diffuse into cartilage matrix
62
How does articular cartilage get nutrition in addition to blood
Synovial fluid
63
What surrounds cartilage
Perichondrium
64
3 main types of joint
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
65
Examples of fibrous joints
Periodontal ligament
Cranial sutures
Interosseus membranes
66
2 types of cartilaginous joint
Primary - Synchondroses
Secondary - Symphyses
67
What is a primary cartilaginous joint
Allows bone growth
Not in adults
No movement
68
What is a secondary cartilaginous joint
Does not ossify
Found in midline of body
Limited movement
69
What is the key difference between symphyses and synchondroses
Symphyses have 2 types of cartilage
-Fibrocartilage
-Hyaline
Synchondroses only have hyaline
70
Common features of synovial joints
Articular cartilage
Synovial cavity
Synovial membrane
Fibrous capsule
71
6 types of synovial joint
Hinge
Plane
Saddle
Pivot
Condylar - ellipsoid
Ball and socket
72
Structures that stabilise joint
Ligaments
Muscles
73
What is the definition of joint flexion
Bringing 2 ventral surfaces in the body closer together
74
What week do lower limbs in the embryo rotate
7-8
75
What is the layer that surrounds the outer muscle
Epimysium
76
What sounds fascicles of muscle fibres
Perimysium
77
What surrounds individual muscle fibres
Endomysium
78
What is a parallel muscle
Fibres run in 1 direction
79
What is a pennate muscle
Fibres run in multiple directions
80
What is a flat broad sheet of tendon called
Aponeurosis
81
What nerve supplies all extensors of upper limb
Radial nerve
82
Layer surrounding whole nerve
Epineurium
83
Layer surrounding nerve fascicles
Perineurium
84
Layer surrounding individual neurones
Endoneurium
85
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
86
How many pairs of spinal nerves in each region
C8
T12
L5
S5
Cx1
87
Names of C1, C2 and C7 vertebrae
C1 - Atlas
C2 - Axis
C7 - Vertebra Prominens
88
What type of fibre comes out of the dorsal root
Sensory, afferent neurons
89
What type of fibre come out of the ventral root
Motor, efferent neurons
90
What is in the dorsal root ganglion
Cell bodies of neurones
91
Which ramus is bigger
Ventral
92
What type of nerves are in rami
Motor and sensory
93
Where are cell bodies of motor neurones
In the spinal cord
94
Name of the point where the motor neurone meets the muscle fibre
Neuromuscular junction
95
What type of neurone links motor and sensory neurones
Inter neurones
96
What is a dermatome
Area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve
97
What is a myotome
An area of muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve
98
What is a cutaneous nerve map
Shows the area supplied by cutaneous nerves to the skin (different from dermatomes)
99
Why is cutaneous nerve map different from dermatomes
Nerves combine to form cutaneous nerves in the plexuses
100
What is an axial muscle
ONLY attaches to axial bones
101
What is an appendicular muscle
Can connect apendicular-apendicular bone or apendicular-axial bone
102
How are muscle compartments split
Interuscular septa formed by deep fascia
103
Arm flexors
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
104
Arm extensors
Triceps Brachii
105
Anterior upper limb muscles nerve supply
Musculocutaneous Nerve
106
Posterior arm muscle nerve supply
Radial Nerve
107
Anterior forearm nerve supply
Median and Ulnar Nerve
108
Posterior forearm nerve supply
Radial Nerve
109
What nerve supplies the Glutes
Sciatic Nerve
110
What does the G.Max do to the hip
Extension
111
What do the G.Medius and G.Minimus do to the hip joint
Abduction
112
Hamstring nerve supply
Sciatic Nerve
113
Quadricep nerve supply
Femoral Nerve
114
Adductor nerve supply
Obturator Nerve
115
What 3 muscles make up the hamstring
Bicep Femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
116
What muscles make up the quadriceps
Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Medius
Vastus Intermedius
117
Which 2 tendons connect to the patella
Quadricep tendon
Patellar Tendon
118
Adductor muscles of leg (5)
Adductor Longus
Adductor Magnus
Adductor Brevis
Pectineus
Gracilis
119
Lower leg muscle nerve supply
Sciatic Nerve
120
Which muscles allow for precision movements of the digits
Intrinsic hand muscles
121
Which muscles give strength to the digits
Forearm muscles
122
Functions of intrinsic foot muscles
Support walking
Maintain foot arch
123
3 types of neurone
Bipolar
Multipolar
Pseudounipolar
124
What cells myelinate neurones
Schwann Cell - PNS
Oligodendrocyte - CNS
125
What are gaps in myelin sheath called
Node of Ranvier
126
What are the blood vessels that support nerves called
Vasa Nervorum
127
What dermatome does the manubrosternal joint lie in
T2
128
What dermatome do the nipples lie in
T4
129
What dermatome does the umbilicus lie in
T10
130
How many cranial nerves are there
12
131
What is in the grey matter vs white matter of spinal cord
Grey - cell bodies
White - Axons
132
What does each horn of the spinal cord contain
Dorsal horn - Sensory neurones
Ventral horn - Motor neurones
133
What is the large mass within the dorsal root called
Dorsal root ganglion
Contains cell bodies
134
Which rami form plexuses
Ventral rami
135
Brachial plexus root values
C5-T1
136
Lumbar and sacral plexus root values
L1-S4
137
Where is the spinal nerve
Where the roots combine just before they split into rami again
138
What landmark is the spinal nerve at
Intervertebral foramen
139
How many bones in vertebral column
33
140
How many vertebrae in each region
C7
T12
L5
S5
Cx3-5
141
How does foetal vertebral column differ to adults
Single concave shape
Whole spine is kyphosis in foetus
142
What parts make up the vertebral arch (5)
Pedicle
Transverse Process
Superior/inferior articular process'
Lamina
Spinous Process
143
Features of cervical vertebrae
Foramen Transversarium
Bifid Spinous Process
144
Features of thoracic vertebrae
Heart shaped body
Long downwards-pointing spinous process
145
2 components of IV disk
Nucleus Pulposus
Annulus Fibrosus
146
3 types of meninges (outer to inner)
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
147
Where is CSF found
In the subarachnoid space
148
What type of joint is costovertebral joint
Synovial plane
149
What type of joint is between skull and atlas
Synovial ellipsoid
150
What type of joint is between atlas and axis
Synovial pivot
151
Ligaments in the vertebral column
Anterior longitudinal
Posterior longitudinal
Ligamentum flavum
Interspinous
Supraspinous
152
What intrinsic back muscle extends the back and keeps posture
Erector spinae
153
What happens when 1 side of erector spinae contract
Lateral flexion
154
Main chest muscle name
Pectoralis major
155
Deeper chest muscle name
Pectoralis minor
156
Abdominal muscles that have vertical fibres
Rectus abdominus
157
Outer shoulder muscle name
Deltoid
158
What muscles are lateral to rectus abdominus
External obliques - v shape
Internal obliques - ^ shape
159
What muscles flex the trunk
Rectus abdominus
Psoas major
160
What muscles extend the trunk
Erector spinae
161
What muscles rotate the trunk
External obliques
Internal obliques (opposite side)
Erector spinae
162
What muscles laterally flex the trunk
Erector spinae
Internal obliques
External obliques
163
3 main posterior abdominal wall muscles
Illiacus
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum
164
Which horn are autonomic cell bodies found in
Lateral horn
165
Where do parasympathetic nerves come from
Cranial nerves
S2-S4
166
Where do sympathetic nerves come from
T1-L2/3
167
How do areas outside T1-S2/3 are get sympathetic innervation
Sympathetic chain
168
Where are parasympathetic ganglia located
Within target organs
169
Where are prevertebral ganglia found
In abdomen
170
How does somtic innervation differ to autonomic innervation
Somatic - 1 nerve to target muscle
Autonomic - 2 nerves to smooth muscle
and 2nd nerve is unmyelinated
171
How is sympathetic outflow described
Thoracolumbar
172
How is parasympathetic outflow described
Craniosacral
173
Where are the grey and white ramus communicantes
Grey closer to spinal cord
White further away
174
Why are the grey and white ramus communicantes their respective colours
Grey due to no myelination
White due to myelination
175
Describe sympathetic outflow
Ventral root > white ramus.c > sympathetic ganglia > grey ramus.c > ventral + dorsal rami
176
Where do sympathetic nerves synapse
Sympathetic chain
177
What is a splanchnic nerve
Autonomic preganglionic nerve that passes through sympathetic chain without synapsing and supply abdominal organs.
They synapse at their target organ gangion
178
How do sympathetic nerves supply above the C1 area (end of SC)
Nerves run along blood vessels going to the head
179
What syndrome can sympathetic nerve damage above C1 cause
Horner's syndrome
180
Symptoms of Horner's syndrome
Partial ptosis - upper eyelid drooping
Miosis - constriction of pupil
Anhydrosis - decreased sweating
Usually effects 1 side of face
181
Where do sympathetic sensory nerves enter spinal cord
Dorsal root/horn
182
Which cranial nerves contain parasympathetic outflow
3rd
7th
9th
10th (vagus)
183
What are parasympathetic nerves carrying signals to pelvic organs also known as
Pelvic splanchnic nerves
184
What level does the spinal cord extend down to
L1/2
185
Where are the enlargements of the spinal cord
Cervical and lumbar region
186
Why are there enlargements in the spinal cord
Where the plexus' are
187
What is the bundle of nerves after the termination of the spinal cord called
Cauda equina
188
What is the conical inferior end of spinal cord called
Conus medullarise
189
What is the continuation of pia mater from the conus medullaris to the periosteum of the coccyx called
Filum terminale
190
What is the dilated dural sac called
Dural cistern
191
Where does the dural cistern end
S2 vertebral level
192
Function of filum terminale
Anchor the spinal cord in place
193
What is RER in neuron cell bodies called in the spinal cord
Nissl Bodies
194
Which spinal cord fissure is deeper
Anterior
195
What are the lateral projection of pia mater that connect to the arachnoid mater called
Denticulate ligaments
196
What level is a lumbar puncture done
L3-4
L4-5
197
How is lymph flow kept unidirectional
Valves
198
What are the section dividers in a lymph node called
Trabecula
199
What is found within lymphoid follicles
Germinal center
200
What are the areas within lymph nodes with the lymphocytes called
Cortex
201
What drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body
Right lymphatic duct
202
What drains lymph from the whole body minus the upper right quadrant
Thoracic duct
203
Where do lymph vessels drain into
Jugular/subclavian junction
204
What is the enlargement in the thoracic duct called
Cistern chyli
205
What is the lymph vessel within villi called
Lacteal
206
2 main histologic features of spleen
Red pulp
White pulp
207
What is in the red pulp of spleen
Erythrocytes
208
What is in the white pulp of the spleen
Lymphocytes
