Cardiovascular

Question 1

Diuretics- act on

Answer 1

Kidneys

Question 2

Diuretics purpose

Answer 2

Decrease plasma fluid volume, reduce afterload

Question 3

Diuretics- mechanism of action

Answer 3

Inhibits Na/Ca reuptake, excretes sodium

Question 4

First line medications for HTN

Answer 4

1. Thiazides diuretics
2. Ace Inhibitors
3. Angiotensin receptor blockers
4. Calcium channel blockers

Question 5

Diuretics- side effects

Answer 5

Hypotension, renal dysfunction, volume depletion, electrolyte disturbances

Question 6

Beta blockers purpose

Answer 6

Acts on sympathetic nervous system to decrease sympathetic influence on heart

Question 7

Beta blocker- mechanism of action

Answer 7

Inhibits sympathetic cardiac stimulation of SA node; inhibits renin secretion-> vasodilation

Question 8

Beta blocker side effects

Answer 8

Fatigue, cold hands, headache, dizziness, SOB

Question 9

Vasodilators purpose

Answer 9

Acts on peripheral vascular urge to lower resistance, BP

Question 10

ACE inhibitors purpose

Answer 10

Acts on peripheral vasculature and involved organs to prevent vasoconstriction and reduce fluid volume

Question 11

Ace inhibitors- mechanism of action

Answer 11

• inhibits conversion of angiotensin 1 to 2
• reduces production of ADH
• reduces aldosterone production

Question 12

Ace inhibitor side effects

Answer 12

Angioedema, cough, orthostasis, hypotension, hyperkalemia

Question 13

Ca+ channel blockers- purpose

Answer 13

Acts on vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle to decrease contractility, decrease HR, cardiac force and rate, reduce afterload, cause vasodilation

Question 14

Ca channel blockers mechanism of action

Answer 14

Blocks Ca re-entry

Question 15

Ca channel blockers side effects

Answer 15

Hypotension, AV block, reflex tachycardia, headache, dizziness, drowsiness, edema, nausea, constipation

Question 16

Second line meds for HTN

Answer 16

1. Beta blockers
2. Aldosterone antagonist
3. Loop diuretics
4. Direct vasodilators

Question 17

Aldosterone antagonists

Answer 17

Inhibits aldosterone by inhibiting Na-K exchange site in distal tubule -> excretes Na, H20, retains K

Question 18

Loop diuretics

Answer 18

Inhibits Na, K, Ca, Mg reabsorption in loop of Henle -> reduces volume

Question 19

Direct vasodilators

Answer 19

Alpha 1-blockers, alpha-2 blockers-> peripheral vasodilation

Question 20

Angina

Answer 20

Chest pain due to ischemia and imbalance of oxygen supply and demand

Question 21

First line medications for angina

Answer 21

1. Nitrates
2. Beta blockers
3. Calcium channel blocker

Question 22

Nitrates

Answer 22

Promotes nitric oxide release -> vasodilation, decrease preload

Question 23

Second line medications for angina

Answer 23

Ranolazine-> blocks Na channels but no impact on BP or HR

Question 24

Ischemic heart disease

Definition/ need to:

Answer 24

Cardiac muscle has insufficient oxygen

Need to reduce cardiac oxygen demand and increase oxygen supply

Question 25

Medications for MI

Answer 25

1. Aspirin 2. P2Y12 Inhibitor 3. Beta blocker 4. Statin 6. Ace Inhibitor

Question 26

Aspirin | Mechanism of action/ side effects

Answer 26

Antiplatelet agent | Bruising, GI intolerance

Question 27

P2Y12 Inhibitor

Answer 27

Anti platelet agent

Question 28

Statin purpose

Answer 28

Decrease cholesterol production in the liver to reduce plaque, antioxidant effects and antithromobtic effects

Question 29

Statin mechanism of action

Answer 29

1. Up-regulate LDL surface receptors 2. Increase LDL breakdown, and decrease VLDL production 3. Decrease in LDL production

Question 30

Statin side effects

Answer 30

Myopathy, headache, HI, myalgia

Question 31

Cardiac heart failure

Answer 31

Chronic overwork of heart muscles causes hypertrophic remodeling, reduced CO, fluid retention

Question 32

Medications for CHF

Answer 32

1. Cardiac glycosides 2. ACE inhibitor 3. Beta blocker 4. Aldosterone agonists 5. Vasodilators 6. Diuretics