Cardiovascular Disease

Question 1

Name 4 types of vascular disease

Answer 1

Ischemic heart disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Reno vascular disease

Question 2

What is the basic cause of cardiovascular disease

Answer 2

Accumulation of lipid rich ‘plaques’ on arterial walls

Question 3

What does cardiovascular disease result from

Answer 3

Progressive narrowing of blood vessels

Plaque rupture resulting in thrombus formation

Question 4

What is ischaemia

Answer 4

Reduction in blood supply

Question 5

What is infarction

Answer 5

Occlusion of blood supply

Question 6

What are the Big 5 in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors

Answer 6

Smoking
High cholesterol 
High BP
Diabetes
Genes

Question 7

How is high cholesterol achieved

Answer 7

Diet high in sugars and fats

Familial hypercholesterolaemia

Question 8

How is high cholesterol managed

Answer 8

Diet modifications

Drugs - Statins

Question 9

How is BP written

Answer 9

Systolic/Diastolic

Question 10

What is systolic and diastolic

Answer 10

Systolic = Heart pumping 
Diastolic = Heart relaxing

Question 11

When would a BP be considered high

Answer 11

If systolic is >160 or diastolic >90

Question 12

What is high BP related to

Answer 12

Obesity
Alcohol
High salt diet
Genetics

Question 13

Is high BP symptomatic

Answer 13

Not unless it is extremely high

Question 14

What is the normal BP

Answer 14

120/80

Question 15

What drugs are used to treat high BP

Answer 15

Beta blockers - propranolol
Diuretics - Bendroflumethazide
ACE inhibitors - Ramiprill 
Angiotensin II antagonists - Valsartan 
Calcium channel blockers - Amlodipine

Question 16

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 16

Deposition of fatty materials on the inner walls of arteries

Question 17

What are the symptoms of peripheral vascular disease

Answer 17

Chronic = Intermittent claudication (leg pain)
Acute = Pain at rest, pain cold numb limb with no sensation

Question 18

How is peripheral vascular disease managed

Answer 18

Risk factor modifications
Exercise programmes
Surgery = By-pass // stents

Question 19

What is abdominal aortic aneurysm

Answer 19

Damage to vessel walls from atherosclerosis

Question 20

What are the symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm

Answer 20

Vague abdominal pain

Acutely - Collapse, severe abdominal pain

Question 21

What are the clinical manifestations of ischaemic heart disease

Answer 21

Angina
Acute coronary syndrome
Heart failure
Arrhythmias

Question 22

What is the definition on angina

Answer 22

Narrowing of coronary arteries

Question 23

What are some symptoms of angina

Answer 23

Central chest pains
Pains in left arm
Jaw, back and upper abdomen pain
Heaviness or breathlessness often related to effort

Question 24

What are signs that someones angina is unstable

Answer 24

Angina at rest
Unpredictable onset
Increasing frequency or reducing amount of exertion to a minimum

Question 25

What investigations can be done for ischaemic heart disease

Answer 25

Electrocardiogram ECG Exercise testing Radiological investigations Coronary angiography

Question 26

How is ischaemic heart disease managed

Answer 26

Life style modifications Mange underlying medical conditions Medical/drug treatment Surgical management

Question 27

What two conditions come under acute coronary syndrome

Answer 27

MI | Unstable angina

Question 28

What does PCI stand for

Answer 28

Percutaneous coronary intervention

Question 29

What are the symptoms of a heart attack

Answer 29

``` Same as angina but more severe Sweating Nausea Light headedness Feeling of imminent death Cardiac arrest Sudden loss of consciousness ```

Question 30

How an acute coronary syndrome managed

Answer 30

Hospitalisation

Question 31

What are the causes for heart failure

Answer 31

``` Ischaemic heart disease Hypertension Valvular heart disease Alcohol excess Numerous other rare causes ```

Question 32

What will heart failure result in

Answer 32

Fluid accumulation

Question 33

Is heart failure gradual or sudden

Answer 33

Gradual

Question 34

What medications may be used for heart failue

Answer 34

Diuretics ACE inhibitors Angiotensin II receptors antagonists Beta blockers

Question 35

What does the amount of meds a patient is taking for the same condition indicate

Answer 35

The severity of the condition

Question 36

What are the treatment options for heart failure

Answer 36

Valve replacement if valvular disease Transplant Pacemaker

Question 37

What drugs should be avoided with heart failure patients

Answer 37

NSAIDs

Question 38

What side of the heart is most commonly effected by valvular disease

Answer 38

Left side

Question 39

What is infective endocarditis

Answer 39

Inflammation of the inner tissues of the heart - valves

Question 40

What is meant by regurgitation of a heart valve

Answer 40

Valve becomes floppy and leaky

Question 41

What is meant by stenosis of a heart valve

Answer 41

Valve becomes too tight and becomes smaller

Question 42

What is the treatment options for valvular disease

Answer 42

Medication to treat heart failure | Valve replacement

Question 43

What two materials can valves be made out of

Answer 43

Porcine and metal

Question 44

What is the INR for metal valves usually

Answer 44

>3

Question 45

What does having a replaced valve lead to an increased risk of

Answer 45

Infective endocarditis

Question 46

What is infective endocarditis due to

Answer 46

Bacteraemia - Strep viridian's - Strep Faecalis - Strep Aureus

Question 47

What investigations can be done to determine if a pt is suffering infective endocarditis

Answer 47

Blood culture - every time a pts temp goes up they have 75ml blood taken and sent to labs to see if they have any bacteria in the blood

Question 48

Should patients with replacement valves be given antibiotic cover

Answer 48

No

Question 49

What is the sinus rhythm

Answer 49

Normal cardiac rhythm

Question 50

What is an arrhythmia

Answer 50

Abnormal cardiac rhythm

Question 51

What rate is considered too slow / too fast

Answer 51

Too slow 100 / min

Question 52

What are the symptoms on arrhythmia

Answer 52

Palpitations Chest pains Heart failure Syncope

Question 53

What is the most common arrhythmia

Answer 53

Atrial fibrillation

Question 54

How is atrial fibrillation controlled

Answer 54

With drugs

Question 55

What does atrial fibrillation increase the risk of

Answer 55

Stroke

Question 56

What is trachyarrhythmias

Answer 56

Fast heart rate

Question 57

What is supra ventricular tachycardia

Answer 57

Abnormal heart rate, >100 bpm

Question 58

What is wolf parkinson white syndrome

Answer 58

Type of supra ventricular trachycariida

Question 59

What are the symptoms on supra ventricular tachycardia

Answer 59

Palpitations Chest pains Breathlessness

Question 60

What treatments can be done when suffering supra ventricular tachycardia

Answer 60

Vagal manoeuvres Carotid sinus massage Drugs - beta blockers

Question 61

At what rate would a heart rate be considered as bradycardia

Question 62

What are the causes of bradycardia

Answer 62

Age Ischaemia Drugs Physiological - athletes

Question 63

What is the treatment for bradycardia

Answer 63

Remove cause - often drugs | May require pace maker

Question 64

What is ventricular arrhythmias

Answer 64

Abnormal conduction = always a medical emergency

Question 65

What are the two types of ventricular arrhythmias

Answer 65

Ventricular tachycardia | Ventricular fibrillation