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CMS Revision > Cardiovascular Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 types of vascular disease

A

Ischemic heart disease
Peripheral vascular disease
Cerebrovascular disease
Reno vascular disease

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2
Q

What is the basic cause of cardiovascular disease

A

Accumulation of lipid rich ‘plaques’ on arterial walls

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3
Q

What does cardiovascular disease result from

A

Progressive narrowing of blood vessels

Plaque rupture resulting in thrombus formation

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4
Q

What is ischaemia

A

Reduction in blood supply

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5
Q

What is infarction

A

Occlusion of blood supply

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6
Q

What are the Big 5 in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors

A 
Smoking
High cholesterol 
High BP
Diabetes
Genes
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7
Q

How is high cholesterol achieved

A

Diet high in sugars and fats

Familial hypercholesterolaemia

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8
Q

How is high cholesterol managed

A

Diet modifications

Drugs - Statins

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9
Q

How is BP written

A

Systolic/Diastolic

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10
Q

What is systolic and diastolic

A 
Systolic = Heart pumping 
Diastolic = Heart relaxing
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11
Q

When would a BP be considered high

A

If systolic is >160 or diastolic >90

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12
Q

What is high BP related to

A

Obesity
Alcohol
High salt diet
Genetics

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13
Q

Is high BP symptomatic

A

Not unless it is extremely high

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14
Q

What is the normal BP

A

120/80

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15
Q

What drugs are used to treat high BP

A 
Beta blockers - propranolol
Diuretics - Bendroflumethazide
ACE inhibitors - Ramiprill 
Angiotensin II antagonists - Valsartan 
Calcium channel blockers - Amlodipine
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16
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Deposition of fatty materials on the inner walls of arteries

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of peripheral vascular disease

A 
Chronic = Intermittent claudication (leg pain)
Acute = Pain at rest, pain cold numb limb with no sensation
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18
Q

How is peripheral vascular disease managed

A

Risk factor modifications
Exercise programmes
Surgery = By-pass // stents

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19
Q

What is abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

Damage to vessel walls from atherosclerosis

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of abdominal aortic aneurysm

A

Vague abdominal pain

Acutely - Collapse, severe abdominal pain

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21
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of ischaemic heart disease

A

Angina
Acute coronary syndrome
Heart failure
Arrhythmias

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22
Q

What is the definition on angina

A

Narrowing of coronary arteries

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23
Q

What are some symptoms of angina

A

Central chest pains
Pains in left arm
Jaw, back and upper abdomen pain
Heaviness or breathlessness often related to effort

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24
Q

What are signs that someones angina is unstable

A

Angina at rest
Unpredictable onset
Increasing frequency or reducing amount of exertion to a minimum

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25
Q

What investigations can be done for ischaemic heart disease

A

Electrocardiogram ECG
Exercise testing
Radiological investigations
Coronary angiography

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26
Q

How is ischaemic heart disease managed

A

Life style modifications
Mange underlying medical conditions
Medical/drug treatment
Surgical management

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27
Q

What two conditions come under acute coronary syndrome

A

MI

Unstable angina

28
Q

What does PCI stand for

A

Percutaneous coronary intervention

29
Q

What are the symptoms of a heart attack

A 
Same as angina but more severe
Sweating
Nausea
Light headedness
Feeling of imminent death
Cardiac arrest 
Sudden loss of consciousness
30
Q

How an acute coronary syndrome managed

A

Hospitalisation

31
Q

What are the causes for heart failure

A 
Ischaemic heart disease
Hypertension
Valvular heart disease
Alcohol excess
Numerous other rare causes
32
Q

What will heart failure result in

A

Fluid accumulation

33
Q

Is heart failure gradual or sudden

A

Gradual

34
Q

What medications may be used for heart failue

A

Diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin II receptors antagonists
Beta blockers

35
Q

What does the amount of meds a patient is taking for the same condition indicate

A

The severity of the condition

36
Q

What are the treatment options for heart failure

A

Valve replacement if valvular disease
Transplant
Pacemaker

37
Q

What drugs should be avoided with heart failure patients

A

NSAIDs

38
Q

What side of the heart is most commonly effected by valvular disease

A

Left side

39
Q

What is infective endocarditis

A

Inflammation of the inner tissues of the heart - valves

40
Q

What is meant by regurgitation of a heart valve

A

Valve becomes floppy and leaky

41
Q

What is meant by stenosis of a heart valve

A

Valve becomes too tight and becomes smaller

42
Q

What is the treatment options for valvular disease

A

Medication to treat heart failure

Valve replacement

43
Q

What two materials can valves be made out of

A

Porcine and metal

44
Q

What is the INR for metal valves usually

A

> 3

45
Q

What does having a replaced valve lead to an increased risk of

A

Infective endocarditis

46
Q

What is infective endocarditis due to

A

Bacteraemia

  • Strep viridian’s
  • Strep Faecalis
  • Strep Aureus
47
Q

What investigations can be done to determine if a pt is suffering infective endocarditis

A

Blood culture - every time a pts temp goes up they have 75ml blood taken and sent to labs to see if they have any bacteria in the blood

48
Q

Should patients with replacement valves be given antibiotic cover

A

No

49
Q

What is the sinus rhythm

A

Normal cardiac rhythm

50
Q

What is an arrhythmia

A

Abnormal cardiac rhythm

51
Q

What rate is considered too slow / too fast

A

Too slow 100 / min

52
Q

What are the symptoms on arrhythmia

A

Palpitations
Chest pains
Heart failure
Syncope

53
Q

What is the most common arrhythmia

A

Atrial fibrillation

54
Q

How is atrial fibrillation controlled

A

With drugs

55
Q

What does atrial fibrillation increase the risk of

A

Stroke

56
Q

What is trachyarrhythmias

A

Fast heart rate

57
Q

What is supra ventricular tachycardia

A

Abnormal heart rate, >100 bpm

58
Q

What is wolf parkinson white syndrome

A

Type of supra ventricular trachycariida

59
Q

What are the symptoms on supra ventricular tachycardia

A

Palpitations
Chest pains
Breathlessness

60
Q

What treatments can be done when suffering supra ventricular tachycardia

A

Vagal manoeuvres
Carotid sinus massage
Drugs - beta blockers

61
Q

At what rate would a heart rate be considered as bradycardia

A
62
Q

What are the causes of bradycardia

A

Age
Ischaemia
Drugs
Physiological - athletes

63
Q

What is the treatment for bradycardia

A

Remove cause - often drugs

May require pace maker

64
Q

What is ventricular arrhythmias

A

Abnormal conduction = always a medical emergency

65
Q

What are the two types of ventricular arrhythmias

A

Ventricular tachycardia

Ventricular fibrillation

CMS Revision (12 decks)

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