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CMS Revision > Gastroenterology > Flashcards

Gastroenterology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the gut

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

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2
Q

What is the gut composed of

A

Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Large intestines

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3
Q

What are the two sections of the pancreas and what do they produce

A

Exocrine - enzymes to digest food

Endocrine - insulin

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4
Q

What is the function of the gal bladder

A

Concentrated and stores bile

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5
Q

What is the function of the liver

A

Metabolism of nutrients and toxins
Production of bile
Protein synthesis

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6
Q

What is dysphagia

A

Difficulty swalloing

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7
Q

What is dyspepsia

A

Discomfort relating to the upper GI tract

eg. heart burn

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8
Q

What are some symptoms associated with GI upset

A 
Nausea/vomiting
Diarrhoea
Constipation 
Steatorrhoea - pales bulky stools
Bleeding
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9
Q

How can you tell if a patient has bleeding from the upper GI tract or the lower GI tract

A

Bleeding from the lower GI tract tends to be fresh blood, bleeding from the upper GI tract tends to be dark and sticky in the faeces

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10
Q

How is the upper GI tract investigated

A

With an endoscopy

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11
Q

How is the lower GI tract investigated

A

Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy

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12
Q

Name 2 antacids

A

Aluminium hyrdoxide

Calcium carbonate

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13
Q

What are two kinds of gastric acid reduction meds

A

Histamine receptor antagonist

Proton pump inhibitor

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14
Q

Name 2 proton pump inhibitors

A

Omeprazole

Lansoprazole

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15
Q

What does the medication selected depend on

A

The cause of the condition

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16
Q

What does GORD stand for

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

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17
Q

What is GORD

A

Excess acid at the lower oesophageal spincter

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18
Q

What is GORD associated with

A

Obesity
Fatty foods
Lying flat
Smoking

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19
Q

How is GORD treated

A

Life style changes
Drugs - antacids / PPIs
Rarely surgery

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20
Q

Where can peptic ulcers occur

A

Stomach or Duodenum

21
Q

What % of the population are affected by peptic ulcers and what age range / sex

A

15-20%

elderly men

22
Q

What are two causes of peptic ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

NSAIDs

23
Q

What are the symptoms of a peptic ulcer?

A

Epigastric pain
Dyspepsia
Vomiting
Anorexia

24
Q

What investigations can be done in relation to a peptic ulcer?

A

Endoscopy

Biopsy if gastric

25
Q

What is the treatment for a peptic ulcer?

A

Acutely - stop bleeding / rarely surgery

Non acute - Acid suppression / treat helicobacter pylori

26
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

Structural abnormality of the stomach

27
Q

What does a hiatus hernia cause?

A

Heart burn

28
Q

How is a hiatus hernia treated?

A

With medication or surgery

29
Q

What is coeliac disease?

A

Auto immune disorder of the small intestine

30
Q

What are the symptoms of coeliac disease?

A 
Malabsorption 
Malase
Diarrhoea 
Weight loss
Iron and folate deficiency 
Protein deficiency
31
Q

How is coeliac disease diagnosed?

A

Blood test testing for TTGA antibodies

Endoscopy with a biopsy

32
Q

How is coeliac disease treated?

A

With a gluten free diet

Osteoporosis prophylaxis

33
Q

What are the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Crohns disease

Ulcerative colitis

34
Q

What is the difference between crohns disease and ulcerative colitis?

A

Crohns is clumps of inflammation and ulcerative colitis is continuous inflammation

35
Q

What are the symptoms of crohns?

A 
Malabsorption
Abdominal pain
Oral features
Bleeding
Abscess
36
Q

What are the symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

A

Bloody diarrhoea

Abdominal pain - less than crohns

37
Q

How is crohns and ulcerative colitis diagnosed?

A

Radiology
Colonoscopy and biopsy
Stool sample
Clinical

38
Q

How is inflammatory bowel disease treated?

A

Suppress the inflammation with corticosteroids or immunosuppressants
Surgery to remove diseased part of bowel
Parenteral nutrition / elemental diet
Antibodies

39
Q

What is functional GI disease?

A

Symptoms with out demonstrable disease

40
Q

What are some caused of functional GI disease?

A

Psychological
Altered bowel smooth muscle tone
High CHO diet

41
Q

How is functional GI disease treated?

A

Reassurance
Fibre and other diet changes
Anti spasmodics
Amitriptyline

42
Q

What is the name given to acute liver inflammation and the name given to chronic liver inflammation

A

Acute - hepatitis

Chronic - cirrosis

43
Q

What are the causes of liver disease?

A 
Alcohol
Viruses - hep A B C D E 
Iron overload
Drugs
Auto immune - primary binary cirrhosis 
                          chronic active hep
Diabetes
Cryptogenic
44
Q

What are the clinical features of liver, pancreas and bilary tract disease?

A 
Jaundice
Ascites (increase free fluid in abdomen)
Telangiectasia (failure to break down female hormone)
Renal failure 
Encephalopathy (confusion and impaired consciousness)
Variceal haemorrhage 
Coagulopathy 
Prone to infection
45
Q

How is liver, pancreatic and bilary tract disease treated?

A

Remove and treat underlying cause
Supportive
Liver transplant

46
Q

What are the symptoms of gall stones?

A

Pain
Jaundice
Pancreatitis

47
Q

What is the cause of pancreatitis

A

Gall stones

Alcohol / drugs

48
Q

How is pancreatitis treated

A

With supportive tx

49
Q

What are the signs of upper GI bleeding

A

Haematemesis - fresh blood

Rectal bleeding

CMS Revision (12 decks)

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