Gastroenterology

Question 1

What is the function of the gut

Answer 1

Digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 2

What is the gut composed of

Answer 2

Stomach
Duodenum
Jejunum
Large intestines

Question 3

What are the two sections of the pancreas and what do they produce

Answer 3

Exocrine - enzymes to digest food

Endocrine - insulin

Question 4

What is the function of the gal bladder

Answer 4

Concentrated and stores bile

Question 5

What is the function of the liver

Answer 5

Metabolism of nutrients and toxins
Production of bile
Protein synthesis

Question 6

What is dysphagia

Answer 6

Difficulty swalloing

Question 7

What is dyspepsia

Answer 7

Discomfort relating to the upper GI tract

eg. heart burn

Question 8

What are some symptoms associated with GI upset

Answer 8

Nausea/vomiting
Diarrhoea
Constipation 
Steatorrhoea - pales bulky stools
Bleeding

Question 9

How can you tell if a patient has bleeding from the upper GI tract or the lower GI tract

Answer 9

Bleeding from the lower GI tract tends to be fresh blood, bleeding from the upper GI tract tends to be dark and sticky in the faeces

Question 10

How is the upper GI tract investigated

Answer 10

With an endoscopy

Question 11

How is the lower GI tract investigated

Answer 11

Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy

Question 12

Name 2 antacids

Answer 12

Aluminium hyrdoxide

Calcium carbonate

Question 13

What are two kinds of gastric acid reduction meds

Answer 13

Histamine receptor antagonist

Proton pump inhibitor

Question 14

Name 2 proton pump inhibitors

Answer 14

Omeprazole

Lansoprazole

Question 15

What does the medication selected depend on

Answer 15

The cause of the condition

Question 16

What does GORD stand for

Answer 16

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

Question 17

What is GORD

Answer 17

Excess acid at the lower oesophageal spincter

Question 18

What is GORD associated with

Answer 18

Obesity
Fatty foods
Lying flat
Smoking

Question 19

How is GORD treated

Answer 19

Life style changes
Drugs - antacids / PPIs
Rarely surgery

Question 20

Where can peptic ulcers occur

Answer 20

Stomach or Duodenum

Question 21

What % of the population are affected by peptic ulcers and what age range / sex

Answer 21

15-20%

elderly men

Question 22

What are two causes of peptic ulcers?

Answer 22

Helicobacter pylori

NSAIDs

Question 23

What are the symptoms of a peptic ulcer?

Answer 23

Epigastric pain
Dyspepsia
Vomiting
Anorexia

Question 24

What investigations can be done in relation to a peptic ulcer?

Answer 24

Endoscopy

Biopsy if gastric

Question 25

What is the treatment for a peptic ulcer?

Answer 25

Acutely - stop bleeding / rarely surgery | Non acute - Acid suppression / treat helicobacter pylori

Question 26

What is a hiatus hernia?

Answer 26

Structural abnormality of the stomach

Question 27

What does a hiatus hernia cause?

Answer 27

Heart burn

Question 28

How is a hiatus hernia treated?

Answer 28

With medication or surgery

Question 29

What is coeliac disease?

Answer 29

Auto immune disorder of the small intestine

Question 30

What are the symptoms of coeliac disease?

Answer 30

``` Malabsorption Malase Diarrhoea Weight loss Iron and folate deficiency Protein deficiency ```

Question 31

How is coeliac disease diagnosed?

Answer 31

Blood test testing for TTGA antibodies | Endoscopy with a biopsy

Question 32

How is coeliac disease treated?

Answer 32

With a gluten free diet | Osteoporosis prophylaxis

Question 33

What are the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease?

Answer 33

Crohns disease | Ulcerative colitis

Question 34

What is the difference between crohns disease and ulcerative colitis?

Answer 34

Crohns is clumps of inflammation and ulcerative colitis is continuous inflammation

Question 35

What are the symptoms of crohns?

Answer 35

``` Malabsorption Abdominal pain Oral features Bleeding Abscess ```

Question 36

What are the symptoms of ulcerative colitis?

Answer 36

Bloody diarrhoea | Abdominal pain - less than crohns

Question 37

How is crohns and ulcerative colitis diagnosed?

Answer 37

Radiology Colonoscopy and biopsy Stool sample Clinical

Question 38

How is inflammatory bowel disease treated?

Answer 38

Suppress the inflammation with corticosteroids or immunosuppressants Surgery to remove diseased part of bowel Parenteral nutrition / elemental diet Antibodies

Question 39

What is functional GI disease?

Answer 39

Symptoms with out demonstrable disease

Question 40

What are some caused of functional GI disease?

Answer 40

Psychological Altered bowel smooth muscle tone High CHO diet

Question 41

How is functional GI disease treated?

Answer 41

Reassurance Fibre and other diet changes Anti spasmodics Amitriptyline

Question 42

What is the name given to acute liver inflammation and the name given to chronic liver inflammation

Answer 42

Acute - hepatitis | Chronic - cirrosis

Question 43

What are the causes of liver disease?

Answer 43

``` Alcohol Viruses - hep A B C D E Iron overload Drugs Auto immune - primary binary cirrhosis chronic active hep Diabetes Cryptogenic ```

Question 44

What are the clinical features of liver, pancreas and bilary tract disease?

Answer 44

``` Jaundice Ascites (increase free fluid in abdomen) Telangiectasia (failure to break down female hormone) Renal failure Encephalopathy (confusion and impaired consciousness) Variceal haemorrhage Coagulopathy Prone to infection ```

Question 45

How is liver, pancreatic and bilary tract disease treated?

Answer 45

Remove and treat underlying cause Supportive Liver transplant

Question 46

What are the symptoms of gall stones?

Answer 46

Pain Jaundice Pancreatitis

Question 47

What is the cause of pancreatitis

Answer 47

Gall stones | Alcohol / drugs

Question 48

How is pancreatitis treated

Answer 48

With supportive tx

Question 49

What are the signs of upper GI bleeding

Answer 49

Haematemesis - fresh blood | Rectal bleeding