Endocrinology

Question 1

What is the endocrine system mediated by

Answer 1

Hormones

Question 2

What kind of feedback is the endocrine system controlled by

Answer 2

Negative feedback

Question 3

What are three basic problems with the endocrine system

Answer 3

Excess hormone
Reduced hormone
Physical gland enlargement

Question 4

What does excess thyroxine lead to

Answer 4

Hyperthyroidism

Question 5

What does a lack of thyroxine lead to

Answer 5

Hypothyroidism

Question 6

What is the name given to a thyroid mass

Answer 6

Goitre

Question 7

Does hyperthyroidism affect males or females more

Answer 7

females - 2-3 % of population

Question 8

What is the age range for the onset of hyperthyroidism

Answer 8

20-40 years

Question 9

What autoimmune disease results in hyperthyroidism

Answer 9

Graves disease

Question 10

What are some symptoms on hyperthyroidism

Answer 10

Sweating, heat intolerance
Irritability, poor sleep, anxiety, palpitations
Excess appetite, weight loss, diarrhoee
Breathlessness

Question 11

What are the signs of hyperthyroidism

Answer 11

Warm moist skin
Tachycardia / irregular heart rate
Increased BP / heart failure
Fine tremor
Goitre

Question 12

What is exophthalmos

Answer 12

Protrusion on the eye balls

Question 13

What is ophthalmopelgia

Answer 13

Paralysis of the muscles around the eye

Question 14

What are exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia signs of

Answer 14

Graves disease

Question 15

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed

Answer 15

Blood tests

Radiology sometimes

Question 16

What are blood tests looking for when they are testing for hyperthyroidism

Answer 16

Low TSH
High T3 and T4
Auto antibodies

Question 17

How is hyperthyroidism managed

Answer 17

Drugs - anti thyroid drugs or beta blockers

Surgery

Question 18

What is the average age of diagnosis for hypothyroidism

Answer 18

60

Question 19

Does hypothyroidism affect more men or women

Answer 19

Women - 2%

Question 20

What are 4 causes of hypothyroidism

Answer 20

Auto immune
Iatrogenic
Iodine deficiency
Rarely pituitary disease

Question 21

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism

Answer 21

Reduced metabolism 
Cold intolerance 
Weight gain
Constipation
Hoarse voice
Puffed face and extremities 
Mental slowness and poor memory
Hair loss

Question 22

What are the signs of hypothyroidism

Answer 22

Slow pulse
Large tongue
Deep voice
Thin, dry hair / loss of eyebrows
Goitre
Coarsening of features

Question 23

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed

Answer 23

Clinical exam
Blood tests
Radiology sometimes

Question 24

What are the blood test for hypothyroidism testing for

Answer 24

High TSH
Low T4 and T3
Auto antibodies

Question 25

How is hypothyroidism managed

Answer 25

Replacement of thyroxine with drugs - thyroxine or levothyroxine

Question 26

What is a goitre

Answer 26

A thyroid mass

Question 27

If a goitre had no associated intrinsic thyroid disease is it due to?

Answer 27

Iodine deficiency

Question 28

If a goitre has associated intrinsic thyroid disease is it due to?

Answer 28

Auto immunity

Question 29

How are goitres investigated?

Answer 29

``` Radiographically - ultra sound scan - radio isotope scan Fine needle aspiration Blood tests ```

Question 30

How are goitres managed?

Answer 30

Treat underlying cause | Possible surgery

Question 31

What are the two types of adrenal disease?

Answer 31

Excess corticosteroid production | Deficient corticosteroid production

Question 32

What condition results from excess and deficient corticosteroid production?

Answer 32

``` Excess = cushing syndrome Deficient = Addisons disease ```

Question 33

How is cushings syndrome managed?

Answer 33

Address underlying cause | Surgery possibly

Question 34

What are the three causes of addison disease?

Answer 34

Iatrogenic - withdrawal of long term steroids Hypothyroidism Adrenal destruction - auto immune

Question 35

What are the symptoms of acute and chronic addison disease?

Answer 35

``` Acute - usually in response to stress - infection - trauma - surgery - life threatening Chronic - general malaise ```

Question 36

What are the signs of addison disease?

Answer 36

Hyper pigmentation - buccal mucosa - scars - pressure points - skin creases

Question 37

How is addison disease managed?

Answer 37

``` Replacement therapy - hydrocortisone Acute addisons crisis - medical emergency - fluid replacement - glucose - hydrocortisone injection - treat infection if present ```

Question 38

What is the name given to the condition resulting from excess growth hormone?

Answer 38

Acromegaly

Question 39

What is acromegaly usually due to?

Answer 39

Pituitary gland ademona

Question 40

What are the characteristic features of acromegaly ?

Answer 40

``` Large tongue Prognathism Spade like hand and feet Excess hair Thick skin Interdental separation ```

Question 41

How is acromegaly managed?

Answer 41

Medically Surgery if compressing nearby structures May need radiotherapy

Question 42

Two types of diabetes and % of population affected?

Answer 42

Type 1 = 10% | Type 2 = 90%

Question 43

Can diabetes be asymptomatic?

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

DKA signs and symptoms?

Answer 44

Impaired consciousness Dehydration Ketones on breath

Question 45

DKA diagnosis?

Answer 45

Ketone in urine | High blood glucose levels

Question 46

What can cause a hypo?

Answer 46

Taken insulin with out glucose intake | Occasionally due to tablets