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CMS Revision > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system mediated by

A

Hormones

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2
Q

What kind of feedback is the endocrine system controlled by

A

Negative feedback

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3
Q

What are three basic problems with the endocrine system

A

Excess hormone
Reduced hormone
Physical gland enlargement

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4
Q

What does excess thyroxine lead to

A

Hyperthyroidism

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5
Q

What does a lack of thyroxine lead to

A

Hypothyroidism

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6
Q

What is the name given to a thyroid mass

A

Goitre

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7
Q

Does hyperthyroidism affect males or females more

A

females - 2-3 % of population

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8
Q

What is the age range for the onset of hyperthyroidism

A

20-40 years

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9
Q

What autoimmune disease results in hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease

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10
Q

What are some symptoms on hyperthyroidism

A

Sweating, heat intolerance
Irritability, poor sleep, anxiety, palpitations
Excess appetite, weight loss, diarrhoee
Breathlessness

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11
Q

What are the signs of hyperthyroidism

A 
Warm moist skin
Tachycardia / irregular heart rate
Increased BP / heart failure
Fine tremor
Goitre
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12
Q

What is exophthalmos

A

Protrusion on the eye balls

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13
Q

What is ophthalmopelgia

A

Paralysis of the muscles around the eye

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14
Q

What are exophthalmos and ophthalmoplegia signs of

A

Graves disease

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15
Q

How is hyperthyroidism diagnosed

A

Blood tests

Radiology sometimes

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16
Q

What are blood tests looking for when they are testing for hyperthyroidism

A

Low TSH
High T3 and T4
Auto antibodies

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17
Q

How is hyperthyroidism managed

A

Drugs - anti thyroid drugs or beta blockers

Surgery

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18
Q

What is the average age of diagnosis for hypothyroidism

A

60

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19
Q

Does hypothyroidism affect more men or women

A

Women - 2%

20
Q

What are 4 causes of hypothyroidism

A

Auto immune
Iatrogenic
Iodine deficiency
Rarely pituitary disease

21
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism

A 
Reduced metabolism 
Cold intolerance 
Weight gain
Constipation
Hoarse voice
Puffed face and extremities 
Mental slowness and poor memory
Hair loss
22
Q

What are the signs of hypothyroidism

A 
Slow pulse
Large tongue
Deep voice
Thin, dry hair / loss of eyebrows
Goitre
Coarsening of features
23
Q

How is hypothyroidism diagnosed

A

Clinical exam
Blood tests
Radiology sometimes

24
Q

What are the blood test for hypothyroidism testing for

A

High TSH
Low T4 and T3
Auto antibodies

25
Q

How is hypothyroidism managed

A

Replacement of thyroxine with drugs - thyroxine or levothyroxine

26
Q

What is a goitre

A

A thyroid mass

27
Q

If a goitre had no associated intrinsic thyroid disease is it due to?

A

Iodine deficiency

28
Q

If a goitre has associated intrinsic thyroid disease is it due to?

A

Auto immunity

29
Q

How are goitres investigated?

A 
Radiographically
- ultra sound scan
- radio isotope scan
Fine needle aspiration 
Blood tests
30
Q

How are goitres managed?

A

Treat underlying cause

Possible surgery

31
Q

What are the two types of adrenal disease?

A

Excess corticosteroid production

Deficient corticosteroid production

32
Q

What condition results from excess and deficient corticosteroid production?

A 
Excess = cushing syndrome
Deficient = Addisons disease
33
Q

How is cushings syndrome managed?

A

Address underlying cause

Surgery possibly

34
Q

What are the three causes of addison disease?

A

Iatrogenic - withdrawal of long term steroids
Hypothyroidism
Adrenal destruction - auto immune

35
Q

What are the symptoms of acute and chronic addison disease?

A 
Acute 
- usually in response to stress
- infection
- trauma 
- surgery 
- life threatening 
Chronic 
- general malaise
36
Q

What are the signs of addison disease?

A

Hyper pigmentation

  • buccal mucosa
  • scars
  • pressure points
  • skin creases
37
Q

How is addison disease managed?

A 
Replacement therapy 
- hydrocortisone 
Acute addisons crisis
- medical emergency
- fluid replacement 
- glucose
- hydrocortisone injection
- treat infection if present
38
Q

What is the name given to the condition resulting from excess growth hormone?

A

Acromegaly

39
Q

What is acromegaly usually due to?

A

Pituitary gland ademona

40
Q

What are the characteristic features of acromegaly ?

A 
Large tongue 
Prognathism
Spade like hand and feet
Excess hair
Thick skin
Interdental separation
41
Q

How is acromegaly managed?

A

Medically
Surgery if compressing nearby structures
May need radiotherapy

42
Q

Two types of diabetes and % of population affected?

A

Type 1 = 10%

Type 2 = 90%

43
Q

Can diabetes be asymptomatic?

A

Yes

44
Q

DKA signs and symptoms?

A

Impaired consciousness
Dehydration
Ketones on breath

45
Q

DKA diagnosis?

A

Ketone in urine

High blood glucose levels

46
Q

What can cause a hypo?

A

Taken insulin with out glucose intake

Occasionally due to tablets

CMS Revision (12 decks)

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