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Respiratory Medicine Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 main disturbances that can occur within the respiratory system?

A

Reduced transfer of O2
Reduced ventilation of lungs
Reduced profusion of lungs

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2
Q

What are some respiratory symptoms?

A 
Breathlessness
Wheeze 
Cough 
Sputum production 
Chest pains
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3
Q

What is asthma defined as?

A

Reversible small airway obstruction

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4
Q

What % of adults and kids does asthma affect?

A

Adults 2-5%

Kids 5-10%

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5
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

Wheeze
Breathlessness not always related to exercise
Cough - Nocturnal, exercise induced, cold induced

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6
Q

How is asthma assessed?

A

Peak flow recordings

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7
Q

What can make someones asthma worse?

A 
Allergens
Irritants
Exertion
NSAIDs
Emotion
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8
Q

What are the indications of severity in chronic asthma?

A

Restriction of activity
Inhaler use particularly as ‘relievers’
Peak flow readings daily

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9
Q

How is chronic asthma managed?

A

Step wise increase in medication

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10
Q

What is acute asthma defined by?

A

Sudden worsening of symptoms

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11
Q

What can make someones asthma unstable?

A

Recent infection

Poor compliance with medication

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12
Q

What should you do if you are treating an asthmatic patient?

A

Assess current symptoms

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13
Q

What should you do if you recognise someone symptoms as unstable?

A

Delay Tx and ref to GP

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14
Q

What are some side effects of inhaled medication?

A

Dry mouth
Oral candidiasis
Altered taste

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15
Q

What is COPD?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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16
Q

How is COPD defined?

A

Airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible

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17
Q

Is COPD a sudden condition or a progressive one?

A

Progerssive

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18
Q

What is airway obstruction defined as?

A

FEV1/FVC

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19
Q

If the FEV is >80% predicted normal, when should a diagnosis of COPD be made?

A

Diagnosis should only be made in the presence of respiratory symptoms.

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20
Q

What are the main processes associated with COPD?

A

Emphysema

Bronchitis

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21
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Alveolar destruction - lower area for gas exchange

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22
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

Airway inflammation - decreased ventilation

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23
Q

What are the symptoms of COPD?

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A

Breathlessness linked to extortion
Wheeze - contant
Chronic cough and sputum production
Frequent infections

24
Q

What happens to the volume of mucous a COPD patient will produce when they have an infection?

25
What investigations can be done in relation to COPD?
Pulmonary function tests - Lung function - Spirometry
26
How is COPD managed?
Progressive addition of oral and inhaled therapies Stop smoking Exercise training If severe, home O2 but not if smoking
27
How is an acute exacerbation of COPD managed?
Increased inhalers Steroids Antibiotics
28
What is Pneumonia?
Infection of the lung tissue that can be diffuse of affect lobes
29
What is the causative agent in pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
30
What are the symptoms of pneumonia?
Acute illness - Cough with green sputum - Breathlessnesss - Fever - Pleuritic chest pain
31
How is pneumonia managed?
Antibiotics | Hospitalisation for O2, IV fluids and airway support
32
When should you hospitalise a patient with pneumonia?
If their pulse is >100 bpm Respiratory rate >20 breaths/min BP - systolic = 2 seconds O2 sats
33
Where is CURB 65 useful?
Only in hospitals
34
What is an pneumothorax?
Leak of air into pleural space
35
What are the symptoms of a pneumothorax?
Sudden onset breathlessness | Chest pains
36
What are the two susceptible groups in relation to pneumothorax?
Tall young people - especially if they smoke | Chronic lung disease patients
37
How is a pneumothorax managed?
Get rid of the air - aspirate - chest drain - sometimes surgery
38
What is sleep apnoea?
Collapse of upper airway during sleep
39
What are the symptoms of sleep apnoea?
``` Snoring Day time sleepiness Irritability Head aches Micro sleeps ```
40
What are the risk factors for sleep apnoea?
Being over weight Having a large neck Sedative medication such as sleeping tablets Unusual structure in the neck - large tonsils / small mandible Smoking or drinking alcohol particularly before bed
41
How is sleep apnoea managed?
Life style changed - losing weight, cutting down alcohol CPAP - continuous positive airway pressure device with prevents airway closing while asleep Wearing a mandibular advancement device that holds jaw and tongue forward
42
What is interstitial lung disease?
Inflammation of lung tissues
43
What can interstitial lung disease progress to?
Fibrosis - a restrictive lung defect
44
What are the causes of interstitial lung disease?
Cryptogenic Allergies Direct damage Auto immune
45
What are the symptoms of interstitial lung disease?
Cough | Breathlessness
46
How is interstitial lung disease managed?
Remove underlying cause | Suppression of immune system with steroids or other immunosuppressants
47
What is cystic fibrosis?
A genetic condition where the lungs and digestive system become clogged with stick mucus
48
What are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis in kids and in adults?
``` Kids - Recurrent respiratory infections - Malabsorption - Pancreatic duct obstruction - Bowel obstruction Adults - Male infertility - Diabetes - Osteoporosis ```
49
How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?
Blood test done at birth
50
How is cystic fibrosis managed?
``` Prompt Tx of infections Prophylactic AB cover Nutrition Physio Heart / lung transplant ```
51
What is a DVT?
Deep vein thrombosis | Clot formation in peripheral veins
52
What is a PE?
Pulmonary embolism | Clot that forms in peripheral veins migrates to lungs
53
What are the symptoms of a DVT?
Painful lower leg | Dilated veins, hot, red, swollen
54
What are the symptoms of a PE?
``` Pleuritic chest pain Breathlessness Haemoptysis Collapse Sudden death ```
55
How are DVT and PE diagnosed?
``` DVT = Ultrasound PE = Chest CT, pulmonary angiogram ```
56
How are DVTs and PEs managed?
Anticoagulants

CMS Revision (12 decks)

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