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CMS Revision > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

What are 2 types of lymphoma

A

Hodgkins

Non-hodgkins

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2
Q

Who does Hodgkins lymphoma mainly affect and how does it present

A

Young adults

Lymphadenopathy

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3
Q

Who does Non-hodgkins lymphoma mainly affect and how does it present

A

Older adults

Lymphanenopathy

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4
Q

What is the prognosis for Hodgkins and Non-hodgkins

A 
Hodgkins = 5 year survial 80%
Non-hodgkins = 5 year survival 50%
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5
Q

What are some treatment options for haematological malignancies

A 
Supportive treatment = transfusion/infection management
Chemotheraphy
Radiotherapy
Bone marrow transplant 
Novel therapies
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6
Q

What are the primary presentations of Hodgkins and Non-hodgkins dentally

A

Atypical infections
Bleeding
Lymphadenopathy
Gum infiltrations

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7
Q

What happens at the site of bleeding

A

Vessel is injured
Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation -> clot formation
Coagulation cascae -> clot formation

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8
Q

What could be deficient if a patient has platelet problems

A

Folate or B12

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9
Q

If there is a problem with platelet formation, where does the problem arise

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

What is auto immune thrombocytopaenia

A

Destruction of platelets

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11
Q

What is a common problem effecting platelet aggregation

A

Function can be impaired due to medical therapies

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12
Q

What can cause generalised deficiencies that effect the coagulation cascade problems

A

Liver disease

Severe malnutrition

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13
Q

What are congenital and drug specific deficiencies effecting the coagulation cascade

A 
Congenital = Haemophilia / Von willerbrands disease
Drugs = Warfarin and heparin
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14
Q

What is haemophilia

A

x-linked genetic disorder effecting males

Absent/low clotting factor

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15
Q

What is Von willerbrands disease

A

Autosomal condition effecting males and females

Factor VIII function problem

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16
Q

What is warfarin and what does it do

A

Commonly prescribed oral anti coagulant

Interferes with clotting activity

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17
Q

What is heparin

A

Injectable anti coagulant

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18
Q

What are some manifestations on bleeding problems

A

GI tract = vomiting, blood in stool, rectal bleeding
Excess menstrual bleeding
Urinary tract bleeding

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19
Q

What should you do if you suspect an undiagnosed bleeding disorder

A

Do not do any treatment and ref pt to GMP or hospital

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20
Q

What is the functions of blood

A

Transport o2, nutrients, hormones and waste

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21
Q

What is blood composed of

A

Plasma and cells

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22
Q

Name 6 things contained in plasma

A 
Proteins 
Lipids
Nutrients 
Hormones
Electrolytes
Water
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23
Q

What is o2 and co2 transported via within blood

A

Haemoglobin

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24
Q

What does haemoglobin reflect

Study These Flashcards
A

The quantity and quality of RBCs

25
What does lack of haemoglobin result it
Anaemia
26
If the mean cell volume of a red blood cell is too large/too small what are they called
Too large = macrocytic | Too small = microcytic
27
What does microcytic RBCs have insufficient
Iron
28
If you have too many/ too little WBCs what is it called
Too many = Leukocytosis | Too little = Leukopenia
29
What type of cells are neutrophils and lymphocytes
WBCs
30
If you have too many/too little platelets what is it called
Too many = thrombocythaemia | Too little = Thrombocytopaenia
31
What is neutrophillia
High number of neutrophils in the blood
32
What happens to the edges of RBCs if someone has malaria
They become rough
33
What coagulation test looks at the intrinsic / extrinsic pathway
``` Intrinsic = Activated thromboplastin time Extrinsic = Prothrombin time ```
34
What are three causes of anaemia
Lack of raw materials Production problem Longevity problem
35
What raw materials are needed for RBC production
Iron, Vitamin B12, Folate
36
What is 'lack of raw materials' induced anaemia likely to occur
Pregnancy - When in higher demand
37
What is the cause of pernicious anaemia
Lack of Vitamin B12
38
When would there be a lack of erythropoietin
Renal failure
39
What type of anaemia does 'bone marrow failure' result in
Aplastic anaemia
40
What is the most common cause of anaemia
Extreme blood loss
41
What is haemolysis
Destruction if RBCs in circulation
42
What types of anaemia are microcytic, microcytic and normocytic cells associated with
``` Microcytic = Iron deficiency Macrocytic = Vitamin B12/Folate deficiency or auto immune Normocytic = Bone marrow failure or Renal failure ```
43
What are the symptoms of anaemia
``` Weakness Tiredness Breathlessness Dizziness Palpitations ```
44
What are the signs on anaemia
Pale Rapid pulse May be oral features depending on type of anaemia
45
How is anaemia managed
``` Establishing type of anaemia Establishing the cause Replace what is missing - e.g. Vitamin B12 If severe blood transfusion Address underlying cause ```
46
Are WBC disorders common
No
47
What is the most common WBC disorder
Neutropenia
48
What is a clinical feature of neutropenia
Infections - particularly throat and mouth
49
Should invasive Tx be avoided on pts who suffer from neutropenia
Yes
50
What are the majority of haematological malignancies due to
Uncontrolled proliferation of white cells
51
What is leukaemia the results of
Proliferation of immature cells in blood and bone marrow
52
What is lymphoma the result of
Proliferation of cells within lymphoreticular systems
53
What are the two forms of leukaemia
Acute and chronic
54
What is the most common malignancy in children
Leukaemia
55
What are the presentations of acute leukaemia
Marrow failure Lymphadenopathy Soft tissue infiltration
56
What is the 5 year survival rate for acute leukaemia
50%
57
Can chronic leukaemia become acute
Yes
58
What are the presentations of chronic leukaemia
Anaemia | Lymphadenopathy

CMS Revision (12 decks)

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