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CMS Revision > Haematology > Flashcards

Haematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 types of lymphoma

A

Hodgkins

Non-hodgkins

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2
Q

Who does Hodgkins lymphoma mainly affect and how does it present

A

Young adults

Lymphadenopathy

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3
Q

Who does Non-hodgkins lymphoma mainly affect and how does it present

A

Older adults

Lymphanenopathy

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4
Q

What is the prognosis for Hodgkins and Non-hodgkins

A 
Hodgkins = 5 year survial 80%
Non-hodgkins = 5 year survival 50%
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5
Q

What are some treatment options for haematological malignancies

A 
Supportive treatment = transfusion/infection management
Chemotheraphy
Radiotherapy
Bone marrow transplant 
Novel therapies
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6
Q

What are the primary presentations of Hodgkins and Non-hodgkins dentally

A

Atypical infections
Bleeding
Lymphadenopathy
Gum infiltrations

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7
Q

What happens at the site of bleeding

A

Vessel is injured
Vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation -> clot formation
Coagulation cascae -> clot formation

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8
Q

What could be deficient if a patient has platelet problems

A

Folate or B12

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9
Q

If there is a problem with platelet formation, where does the problem arise

A

Bone marrow

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10
Q

What is auto immune thrombocytopaenia

A

Destruction of platelets

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11
Q

What is a common problem effecting platelet aggregation

A

Function can be impaired due to medical therapies

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12
Q

What can cause generalised deficiencies that effect the coagulation cascade problems

A

Liver disease

Severe malnutrition

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13
Q

What are congenital and drug specific deficiencies effecting the coagulation cascade

A 
Congenital = Haemophilia / Von willerbrands disease
Drugs = Warfarin and heparin
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14
Q

What is haemophilia

A

x-linked genetic disorder effecting males

Absent/low clotting factor

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15
Q

What is Von willerbrands disease

A

Autosomal condition effecting males and females

Factor VIII function problem

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16
Q

What is warfarin and what does it do

A

Commonly prescribed oral anti coagulant

Interferes with clotting activity

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17
Q

What is heparin

A

Injectable anti coagulant

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18
Q

What are some manifestations on bleeding problems

A

GI tract = vomiting, blood in stool, rectal bleeding
Excess menstrual bleeding
Urinary tract bleeding

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19
Q

What should you do if you suspect an undiagnosed bleeding disorder

A

Do not do any treatment and ref pt to GMP or hospital

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20
Q

What is the functions of blood

A

Transport o2, nutrients, hormones and waste

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21
Q

What is blood composed of

A

Plasma and cells

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22
Q

Name 6 things contained in plasma

A 
Proteins 
Lipids
Nutrients 
Hormones
Electrolytes
Water
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23
Q

What is o2 and co2 transported via within blood

A

Haemoglobin

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24
Q

What does haemoglobin reflect

A

The quantity and quality of RBCs

25
Q

What does lack of haemoglobin result it

A

Anaemia

26
Q

If the mean cell volume of a red blood cell is too large/too small what are they called

A

Too large = macrocytic

Too small = microcytic

27
Q

What does microcytic RBCs have insufficient

A

Iron

28
Q

If you have too many/ too little WBCs what is it called

A

Too many = Leukocytosis

Too little = Leukopenia

29
Q

What type of cells are neutrophils and lymphocytes

A

WBCs

30
Q

If you have too many/too little platelets what is it called

A

Too many = thrombocythaemia

Too little = Thrombocytopaenia

31
Q

What is neutrophillia

A

High number of neutrophils in the blood

32
Q

What happens to the edges of RBCs if someone has malaria

A

They become rough

33
Q

What coagulation test looks at the intrinsic / extrinsic pathway

A 
Intrinsic = Activated thromboplastin time
Extrinsic = Prothrombin time
34
Q

What are three causes of anaemia

A

Lack of raw materials
Production problem
Longevity problem

35
Q

What raw materials are needed for RBC production

A

Iron, Vitamin B12, Folate

36
Q

What is ‘lack of raw materials’ induced anaemia likely to occur

A

Pregnancy - When in higher demand

37
Q

What is the cause of pernicious anaemia

A

Lack of Vitamin B12

38
Q

When would there be a lack of erythropoietin

A

Renal failure

39
Q

What type of anaemia does ‘bone marrow failure’ result in

A

Aplastic anaemia

40
Q

What is the most common cause of anaemia

A

Extreme blood loss

41
Q

What is haemolysis

A

Destruction if RBCs in circulation

42
Q

What types of anaemia are microcytic, microcytic and normocytic cells associated with

A 
Microcytic = Iron deficiency 
Macrocytic = Vitamin B12/Folate deficiency or auto immune
Normocytic = Bone marrow failure or Renal failure
43
Q

What are the symptoms of anaemia

A 
Weakness
Tiredness
Breathlessness
Dizziness 
Palpitations
44
Q

What are the signs on anaemia

A

Pale
Rapid pulse
May be oral features depending on type of anaemia

45
Q

How is anaemia managed

A 
Establishing type of anaemia
Establishing the cause 
Replace what is missing - e.g. Vitamin B12
If severe blood transfusion 
Address underlying cause
46
Q

Are WBC disorders common

A

No

47
Q

What is the most common WBC disorder

A

Neutropenia

48
Q

What is a clinical feature of neutropenia

A

Infections - particularly throat and mouth

49
Q

Should invasive Tx be avoided on pts who suffer from neutropenia

A

Yes

50
Q

What are the majority of haematological malignancies due to

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of white cells

51
Q

What is leukaemia the results of

A

Proliferation of immature cells in blood and bone marrow

52
Q

What is lymphoma the result of

A

Proliferation of cells within lymphoreticular systems

53
Q

What are the two forms of leukaemia

A

Acute and chronic

54
Q

What is the most common malignancy in children

A

Leukaemia

55
Q

What are the presentations of acute leukaemia

A

Marrow failure
Lymphadenopathy
Soft tissue infiltration

56
Q

What is the 5 year survival rate for acute leukaemia

A

50%

57
Q

Can chronic leukaemia become acute

A

Yes

58
Q

What are the presentations of chronic leukaemia

A

Anaemia

Lymphadenopathy

CMS Revision (12 decks)

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