cardiovascular disease risk factors

Question 1

peripheral artery disease is caused by ______, resulting in _____

Answer 1

same process as coronary artery disease, reduction of blood flow to regions distal to the area of occlusion

Question 2

PAD blood flow reduction creates a mismatch between

Answer 2

oxygen supply and demand

Question 3

PAD blood flow reduction creates a mismatch between oxygen supply and demand causing

Answer 3

ischemia to develop in the affected areas

Question 4

PAD severity can be ranked based on

Answer 4

presence of signs and symptoms or by the ankle/brachial pressure (ABI)

Question 5

PAD treatments

Answer 5

CV risk reduction, exercise training, pharmacological therapy, and peripheral revascularization

Question 6

PAD stage 1

Answer 6

asymptomatic

Question 7

PAD stage 2

Answer 7

intermittent claudication

Question 8

PAD stage 2a

Answer 8

distance to pain onset >200m

Question 9

PAD stage 2b

Answer 9

distance to pain onset <200m

Question 10

PAD stage 3

Answer 10

pain at rest

Question 11

PAD stage 4

Answer 11

gangrene, tissue loss

Question 12

PAD exercise testing can be performed to determine

Answer 12

functional capacity, to assess exercise limitations
time of onset of claudication pain
total walking time before and following therapeutic intervention
diagnose the presence of CVD and assess for other exercise safety factors

Question 13

PAD frequency aerobic

Answer 13

min 3d/wk, up to 5

Question 14

PAD frequency resistance

Answer 14

at least 2d/wk, non consecutive days

Question 15

PAD frequency flexibility

Answer 15

> 2-3d/wk, pref. daily

Question 16

PAD intensity aerobic

Answer 16

moderate, 40-59% VO2R, to moderate pain or 50-80% max speed walking

Question 17

PAD intensity resistance

Answer 17

60-80% 1-RM

Question 18

PAD intensity flexibility

Answer 18

stretch to tightness/slight discomfort

Question 19

PAD time aerobic

Answer 19

30-45min/day, 12 week, can progress to 60min

Question 20

PAD time resistance

Answer 20

2-3 sets 8-12 rep, 6-8 exercises targeting major groups

Question 21

PAD time flexibility

Answer 21

10-30s hold for static
20-4 rep

Question 22

PAD type aerobic

Answer 22

weight-bearing intermittent, seated rest when moderate pain is reached, resume when pain is completely gone

Question 23

PAD type resistance

Answer 23

whole body, focus large muscles, emphasis on lower limbs

Question 24

PAD type flexibility

Answer 24

static, dynamic, PNF

Question 25

PAD exercise considerations

Answer 25

some may need to begin 15min/day, gradually increase 5min biweekly weight bearing may be supplemented by non weight bearing cycling or other non weight bearing modalities may be used as warm up

Question 26

claudication

Answer 26

aching or burning in leg muscles reliably reproduced at a set distance of walking relieved within mins of rest never present at rest not exacerbated by position

Question 27

initial claudication time

Answer 27

the time at which the patient first begins to feel claudication symptoms

Question 28

intermittent claudication pre-exercise assessment

Answer 28

careful evaluation of the lower extremity skin and feet, along with instruction regarding proper shoes to avoid skin irritation and breakdown

Question 29

patients with PAD are at an increased risk for non-healing _____, and careful _____ reassessment is extremely important, especially for those with ______

Answer 29

skin ulcers, foot and skin, diabetes, neuropathy

Question 30

exercise prescription for claudication

Answer 30

walk/bike to moderate pain level (3-4 of 5 on scale) stop and sit and rest until pain completely gone, then resume eventual goal is to progress to cumulative 50 mins progression should occur during the next session

Question 31

hypertension SPB and DBP

Answer 31

>140/130 >90/80

Question 32

the known contributors of primary hypertension include

Answer 32

genetic and lifestyle high-fat, high-salt, physical inactivity

Question 33

estimated ____ US adults >20 years old and more than ____ people worldwide have hypertension

Answer 33

78 million 1 billion

Question 34

guidelines for the management of hypertension also emphasize

Answer 34

lifestyle modifications

Question 35

individuals with HTN may have an ___ BP response to exercise

Answer 35

exaggerated

Question 36

individuals with HTN who's BP is not controlled should

Answer 36

consult with their physician prior to initiating exercise program

Question 37

stage 2 HTN

Answer 37

>160/>100

Question 38

individuals with stage 2 HTN or with target organ disease _______ prior to medical evaluation and BP management

Answer 38

must not engage in exercise

Question 39

HTN aerobic frequency, intensity, time, type

Answer 39

>5-7d/wk moderate 40-59% O2R, RPE 12-13 >30 min/day continuous or accumulated prolonged, rhythmic activities (walking, cycling, swimming)

Question 40

HTN resistance frequency, intensity, time, type

Answer 40

>2-3d/wk moderate 60-70% 1RM 2-4 sets 8-12 reps, >20 mins per session resistance machines, free weights, bands, functional body weight

Question 41

HTN flexibility frequency, intensity, time, type

Answer 41

>2-3d/wk to point of tightness hold 10-30s 2-4 rep, total 60 sec, <10min satin, dynamic, PNF

Question 42

hypertension: it is prudent to maintain SPB ___ mmHg and/or ___ DPB mmHg when exercising

Answer 42

<220 <105

Question 43

although vigorous intensity aerobic exercise is not necessarily contradicted in individuals with HTN, _______is greatly recommended to optimize benefit-to-risk ratio

Answer 43

moderate intensity aerobic

Question 44

vallsalva maneuver can result in

Answer 44

extremely high BP responses, dizziness, fainting

Question 45

BP with exercise systolic: diastolic:

Answer 45

increase remain the same, or change within 10mmHg

Question 46

antihypertensive medications such as a-blockers, calcium blockers, and vasodilators may lead to _______, therefore termination of exercise should be

Answer 46

sudden excessive reductions in post exercise PB gradual, cool down extended

Question 47

postexercise hypotension

Answer 47

BP lowering effects of aerobic exercise are immediate

Question 48

how to modulate postexercise hypotension effects

Answer 48

continued very light intensity exercise

Question 49

if an individual with HTN has ischemia during exercise

Answer 49

the program for those with CVD with ischemia should be utilized

Question 50

vital signs

Answer 50

HR, RR, Sp O2, temp