cardiovascular disorders

Question 1

what is the difference between systole and diastole

Answer 1

systole is when ventricles contract
diastole is when ventricles relax and fill

Question 2

what is preload

Answer 2

end-diastolic pressure
“volume”
“stretch”

Question 3

what is afterload

Answer 3

work/force required to move blood into the aorta
“pressure”
“squeeze”

Question 4

what increases preload

Answer 4

hypervolemia
regurgitation of cardiac valves
heart failure

Question 5

what increases afterload

Answer 5

hypertension
vasoconstriction

Question 6

true or false: increasing afterload decreases cardiac workload

Answer 6

false

Question 7

what is atrial fibrillation

Answer 7

rapid, irregular beating

Question 8

why does atrial fibrillation cause low blood pressure

Answer 8

the heart does not have enough time to fill; causing BP to drop

Question 9

what is hypertension

Answer 9

sustained elevation of blood pressure

Question 10

what is the primary risk factor of cardiovascular disease

Answer 10

hypertension

Question 11

what is the leading cause of morbidity/mortality worldwide

Answer 11

hypertension

Question 12

what race is most likely for hypertension

Answer 12

african americans

Question 13

true or false: men are more likely to have a cardiovascular disease

Answer 13

true

Question 14

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 14

the build up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery wall

Question 15

what effect does smoking have on the cardiovascular system

Answer 15

increases: HR, CO, BP, and coronary flow

Question 16

what is thrombosis

Answer 16

blood clots block veins or arteries

Question 17

true or false: PAD and CAD are both caused by fatty deposits in the wall of the arteries (atherosclerosis)

Answer 17

true

Question 18

where is CAD located

Answer 18

in the heart

Question 19

where is PAD located

Answer 19

usually in the legs

Question 20

what are the major risk factors of PAD and CAD

Answer 20

family history
age
smoking
high cholesterol
diabetes
obesity

Question 21

what is the most common heart disease

Answer 21

CAD

Question 22

what is the single leading cause of death in America today

Answer 22

CAD

Question 23

true or false: PAD is a common circulatory problem

Answer 23

true

Question 24

what increases the risk of PAD by 400%

Answer 24

smoking

Question 25

what is likely to increase the risk of CAD

Answer 25

PAD

Question 26

what can cause a decrease in coronary blood flow

Answer 26

vasospasm fixed stenosis thrombosis

Question 27

what can cause angina (chest pain)

Answer 27

decreased coronary blood flow increased oxygen consumption

Question 28

what can cause increased oxygen consumption

Answer 28

increased: heart rate, contractility, afterload, preload

Question 29

what stages of coronary artery disease have elevated troponins

Answer 29

NSTEMI STEMI

Question 30

what labs will you look for to evaluate heart damage

Answer 30

troponin creatine phosphokinase myoglobin

Question 31

myocardial infarction -> pericardial inflammation -> ??

Answer 31

pericarditis

Question 32

myocardial infarction -> electrical instability -> ??

Answer 32

arrhythmias

Question 33

myocardial infarction -> tissue necrosis -> ventricular wall rupture -> ??

Answer 33

cardiac tamponade

Question 34

myocardial infarction -> tissue necrosis -> papillary muscle infarction -> mitral regurgitation -> ??

Answer 34

congestive heart failure

Question 35

myocardial infarction -> impaired contractility -> ??

Answer 35

congestive heart failure

Question 36

myocardial infarction -> impaired contractility -> hypotension, decreased coronary perfusion, increased ischemia -> ??

Answer 36

cardiogenic shock

Question 37

myocardial infarction -> impaired contractility -> ventricular thrombus -> ??

Answer 37

stroke (embolism)

Question 38

what is pericarditis

Answer 38

inflammation of the pericardium

Question 39

what is cardiac tamponade

Answer 39

rapid accumulation of exudate compresses the heart

Question 40

what is pericardial effusion

Answer 40

serous exudate filling the pericardial cavity

Question 41

what is constrictive pericarditis

Answer 41

fibrous scar tissue making the pericardium stick to the heart

Question 42

what is stenosis

Answer 42

cardiac valve doesn’t open properly

Question 43

what is regurgitation

Answer 43

valve doesn’t close properly

Question 44

what valves are most commonly affected by stenosis

Answer 44

aortic and mitral

Question 45

what do PTs with stenosis present with

Answer 45

fatigue shortness of breath arrhythmias

Question 46

what are the signs and symptoms of mitral valve stenosis

Answer 46

pulmonary congestion orthopnea nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnea palpitations fatigue

Question 47

what are the signs and symptoms of aortic valve stenosis

Answer 47

angina syncope easily tired dyspena peripheral cyanosis

Question 48

what are the signs and symptoms of mitral valve regurgitation

Answer 48

don’t develop symptoms for years pulmonary congestion dyspnea on exertion orthopnea

Question 49

what are the signs and symptoms of aortic valve regurgitation

Answer 49

dyspnea on exertion orthopnea drop in diastolic pressure widening arterial pulse pressure

Question 50

what are the valves experiencing during systolic murmurs

Answer 50

pulmonic and aortic stenosis mitral and tricuspid regurgitation

Question 51

what are the valves experiencing during diastolic murmurs

Answer 51

aortic and pulmonic regurgitation mitral and tricuspid stenosis

Question 52

what causes heart failure

Answer 52

decreased cardiac output and tissue perfusion increased fluid retention

Question 53

what examples of fluid retention can contribute to heart failure

Answer 53

peripheral edema shortness of breath exercise intolerance

Question 54

what does cardiac remodeling do

Answer 54

dilating ventricles and increasing wall thickness

Question 55

what does inotropic do

Answer 55

contractility or force of heart

Question 56

what does chronotropic do

Answer 56

heart rate

Question 57

what is a consequence of dilation

Answer 57

it becomes inadequate and CO decreases

Question 58

what are the consequences of hypertrophy

Answer 58

less volume space poor circulation impaired filling higher oxygen needs risk for ventricular dysrhythmias

Question 59

true or false: ventricular heart failure (systolic) has a high ejection fraction and (diastolic) has a low ejection fraction

Answer 59

false: systolic had low and diastolic has normal

Question 60

what does ventricular heart failure (diastolic) lead to

Answer 60

decreased stroke volume and CO venous engorgement in pulmonary and systemic vascular systems

Question 61

what can be a diagnosis for ventricular heart failure (diastolic)

Answer 61

pulmonary congestion pulmonary hypertension ventricular hypertrophy normal EF

Question 62

systolic dysfunction has what heart sound

Answer 62

S3

Question 63

diastolic dysfunction has what heart sound

Answer 63

S4

Question 64

where does left sided heart failure send venous return

Answer 64

lungs

Question 65

where does right sided heart failure send venous return

Answer 65

body organs except lungs

Question 66

true or false: left heart failure is the most common cause of right heart failure

Answer 66

true

Question 67

what does acute decompensated heart failure manifest as

Answer 67

pulmonary edema

Question 68

what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema

Answer 68

anxious pale, possibly cyanotic skin is clammy and cold severe dyspnea wheezing, coughing blood-tinged sputum crackles, wheezes, rhonchi HR rapid, BP variable

Question 69

what are natriuretic peptides

Answer 69

natural substances released by the heart

Question 70

what does ANP do and where is it secreted from

Answer 70

lower blood pressure atrium

Question 71

what does BNP do and where is it secreted from

Answer 71

regulates circulation (dilate blood vessels, causes kidneys to excrete more salt and water) ventricles

Question 72

true or false: high BNP levels equals better cardiac health than lower levels

Answer 72

false

Question 73

what is the natural pacemaker of the heart

Answer 73

SA node

Question 74

what is arrhythmias

Answer 74

abnormal conduction and/or formation of cardiac impulses

Question 75

what are the common causes of arrhythmias

Answer 75

abnormal structure (hypertrophy and dilation) inadequate oxygen fluid/electrolyte/pH disturbances (potassium) injury excessive demand

Question 76

where is atrial depolarization

Answer 76

p interval

Question 77

where is ventricular depolarization found

Answer 77

QRS interval

Question 78

where is ventricular repolarization found

Answer 78

t interval

Question 79

what common arrhythmias leads to cardiac arrest

Answer 79

ventricular tachycardia and fibrillation

Question 80

which valve is affected with damage if the papillary muscle is in the left ventricle

Answer 80

mitral

Question 81

PT reports shortness of breath, tachycardia, productive cough, and orthopnea. these symptoms are consistent with

Answer 81

left ventricular failure

Question 82

what clinical manifestations are associated with right-sided heart failure

Answer 82

distended neck veins pitting edema in the feet and ankles abdominal ascites

Question 83

what conditions would likely lead to diastolic heart failure

Answer 83

cardiac hypertrophy from long-standing hypertension cardiac tamponade restrictive cardiomyopathy