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pulmonary disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a pulmonary embolism

A

a blockage in one or more of the pulmonary arteries in your lungs

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2
Q

what is virchow’s triad and what makes it up

A

the perfect environment for a pulmonary embolism
- hypercoagulability
- vascular damage
- circulatory stasis

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3
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolism

A

SOB
chest pain
dyspnea
tachypnea
tachycardia
shock

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4
Q

what is pulmonary hypertension

A

pressure in the blood vessels leading from the heart to the lungs is too high

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5
Q

signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension

A

SOB
fainting
dizziness
chest pressure
tachycardia

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6
Q

what is cor pulmonale and what causes it

A

right-sided heart failure caused by a primary lung disorder

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7
Q

describe the pathogensis of cor pulmonale

A

1) lung disorder damages the lungs
2) low oxygen or hypoxia leads to pulmonary vasoconstriction which limits blood flow to alveoli
3) vascular remodeling (thickening of arteries)
4) increased pulmonary arterial pressure (>20mmHg)
5) increased right ventricular afterload

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8
Q

what is the most common cause of cor pulmonale

A

COPD

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9
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of cor pulmonale

A

SOB
chest pain
severe fatigue
exercise intolerance
warm/moist skin
peripheral edema

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10
Q

what is an anatomical dead space

A

refers to the volume of ventilated air that does not participate in gas exchange
- nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi

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11
Q

what is ventilation

A

the flow of air into and out of the alveoli

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12
Q

what is perfusion (Q)

A

the flow of blood to alveolar capillaries

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13
Q

what is a shunt

A

pathological condition in which alveoli are perfused but not ventilated (blood get shunted away from the area without ventilation to find an area with ventilation)

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14
Q

what is an acute respiratory disorder

A

a failure of the respiratory system to add oxygen to the blood and remove CO2 and represents a life threatening occurrence

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15
Q

what are three types of acute respiratory disorders

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
acute respiratory failure (ARF)
covid-19

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16
Q

what is acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

respiratory failure in critically ill patients
acute onset of cardiogenic pulmonary edema and hypoxemia caused by alveolar inflammation or infection requiring mechanical ventilation

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17
Q

what are common causes of acute respiratory distress syndrome

A

near drowning
heroin
infections (most common)
trauma (burns, chest trauma)
shock

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18
Q

what is respiratory failure

A

failure of gas exchange due to heart or lung failure

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19
Q

what is the difference between ARDS and ARF

A

ARDS = life threatening condition caused by injury to the capillary wall either from illness or injury (alveolar walls become leaky)
ARF = broader term that refers to failure of lungs from any causes

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20
Q

what is covid-19 and what causes it

A

an infectious disease caused by the SARS virus (severe acute respiratory syndrome)

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21
Q

what is the pathogensis of covid-19

A

viral entry
macrophage activation
pro inflammatory cascade
acute lung injury
respiratory failure

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22
Q

what are the stages of covid-19

A

1) asymptomatic stage (initial 1-2 days of infection)
2) upper airway and conducting airway response
3) hypoxia, progression to ARDS

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23
Q

what are treatments for covid-19

A

1) antiviral treatments - target specific parts of the virus to stop it from multiplying in the body
2) monoclonal antibodies - help immune system recognize and respond more effectively to virus

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24
Q

what is the main function of the respiratory system

A

remove appropriate amounts of CO2 from blood and add appropriate amounts of oxygen leaving the pulmonary circulatory system

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25
what is hypoxemia
decreased arterial oxygen supply (PaO2 of 92% or lower)
26
what is hypoxia
decreased oxygen content in the tissues
27
what is hypercapnia
increased CO2 in the blood
28
what are the signs and symptoms of hypoxia
restlessness headache confusion tachycardia anxiety dyspnea severe cyanosis low HR (severe)
29
what are the signs and symptoms of hypoxemia
headache dyspnea tachycardia wheezing coughing confusion cyanosis (severe)
30
what is stridor
construction in the airways leading to a whistling noise
31
how does the purse lip breathing technique help
helps control rate and volume prolonged expiration of air keeps airway open during exhalation and excretion of CO2
32
what is cyanosis
abnormal blue discoloration of the skin and mucus is membranes caused by an increased concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin in capillary bed SpO2 less than 85%
33
what is pleural effusion
excess fluid between the layers of the pleura outside the lungs
34
what are the causes of pleural effusion
heart problems cancer pneumonia pulmonary embolism
35
what is pneumonia
disorder of inflammation of the bronchioles and alveoli dead cell and debris then build up creating pus and filling parts of the small airways
36
what causes pneumonia
infectious agents
37
what is pulmonary edema and what causes it
lungs filled with fluid lung congestion causes: fluid overload, heart failure
38
what is atelectasis and what causes it
an avoidable state where the alveoli don’t fill properly/incomplete lung expansion causes: immobility, mucus plug, external pressure
39
what is pneumothorax
condition where air has entered normally closed pleural space (and expanded this space) driving pleural pressure up toward atmospheric pressure
40
what are obstructive airways disorders characterized by
progressive declining lung function airflow obstruction abnormal chronic inflammatory response airway remodeling
41
what is airway remodeling
cells that shouldn’t be there show up
42
what is chronic/refractory asthma characterized by
chronic airway inflammation airway hyper-responsiveness airway obstruction massive immune response airway remodeling genetics
43
what is the inflammatory cascade
cause construction of epithelium immune response is totally out of control
44
what does refractory/chronic asthma cause
there is a “pro-inflammatory” Th2 response activation of eosinophils and phagocytes which exacerbates allergies causing type-1 hypersensitivity reactions
45
what are the clinical manifestations of asthma
SOB chest tightness wheezing troubling sleeping
46
what is the third leading cause of death worldwide
COPD
47
two major categories of COPD
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
48
what is emphysema
gradual damage of lung tissue (destruction of alveoli)
49
chronic infection in COPD leads to?
overproduction of mucus chronic airway inflammation reduced gas exchange remodeling
50
emphysema clinical manifestations
barrel chest high CO2 retention purse lip breathing dyspnea anxious thin appearance poor diffusion fewer metabolic issues then chronic bronchitis
51
chronic bronchitis clinical manifestations
recurrent cough hypoxia high incidence in smokers leads to right sided heart failure
52
what is the normal anterior/posterior diameter
1:2
53
effects of COPD
increased risk of cardiovascular disease depression and anxiety osteoporosis overproduction of EPO from hypoxia
54
what is bronchiectasis
permanent and abnormal dilation of the bronchi, bronchioles (uncommon type of COPD)
55
what is cystic fibrosis and how do you treat it
genetic disease causing the mutilation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (treatment is lung transplant)
56
what is obstructive sleep apnea
the brain sends a signal to the muscles and the muscles make an effort to take a breath bit muscles are unsuccessful because the airway is obstructed
57
most common sleep related disorder
obstructive sleep apnea
58
what are interstitial lung disorders
umbrella term for problems with the lungs themselves can be related to the expansion rate of the lungs or total volume the lungs can hold
59
what is idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
most common form of ILD starts with chronic cough and dyspnea dilation of bronchi alveolar remodeling no cure (lung transplant)
60
what are extrinsic restrictive lung diseases
problems outside of the lungs place pressure on the lungs or paralysis of muscles that help with breathing
61
what do pulmonary function tests measure
lung volume capacity rates of flow gas exchange diagnostic and determination for the best treatments
62
what is forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1)
volume of air forcefully exhaled in 1 second one of the most important factors
63
what is forced vital capacity (FVC)
volume of air forcibly exhaled after deepest breath possible
64
FEV1/FVC ratio
volume of air that once can forcefully exhale
65
what is total lung capacity
volume of gas in the lung at the end of a full inspiration ~6 liters in a healthy adult
66
what is residual volume (RV)
the volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation
67
what is the diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO)
measures the ability of gas to transfer from the alveoli across the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium to the red blood cells - helps determine the underlying disorder and tell the severity
68
what is functional residual capacity (FRC)
the volume of air in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation

clincial pathophysiology (7 decks)

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