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clincial pathophysiology > renal disorders > Flashcards

renal disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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2
Q

what is the function of the kidneys

A

filter blood of toxins/waste and reabsorb needed molecules

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3
Q

what can high levels of uric acid in the urine cause

A

kidney stones
gout

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4
Q

what could high amounts of urea in the urine indicate

A

urea is a byproduct of protein formed in the liver
high levels could indicate tissue breakdown or diet high in protein (bodybuilders)

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5
Q

what is the function of the nephron

A

reabsorption of water, electrolytes, and other substances from bloodstream

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6
Q

what endocrine functions does the kidney perform

A

1) creates erythropoietin which regulates the differentiation of red blood cells
2) increases calcium absorption and regulates calcium deposition in bone

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7
Q

what diuretics affect potassium levels

A

loop and thiazide diuretics

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8
Q

what are the characteristics of normal urine

A

1) clear, amber-colored fluid
2) 95% water and 5% dissolves solids
3) contains metabolic wastes, no plasma proteins, blood cells, or glucose molecules

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9
Q

how much urine does the kidney normally produce

A

1.5L of urine

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10
Q

what is specific gravity of urine

A

provides a valuable index of the hydration status and functional ability of the kidneys

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11
Q

what is a health/normal range for the specific gravity of urine

A

1.030-1.040

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12
Q

what would a specific gravity of urine of 1.000 indicate

A

a very hydrated person

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13
Q

what is renal clearance

A

the volume of plasma that is completely cleared each minute of any substance that finds it’s way into urine

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14
Q

what are the determining factors of renal clearance

A

1) the ability of the substance to be filtered in the glomeruli
2) the capacity of the renal tubules to reabsorb or secrete the substance

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15
Q

what primary hormone is produced by the kidney

A

erythropoietin

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16
Q

what tests are used to test for renal function

A

1) urinalysis
2) GFR
3) serum creatinine
4) ultrasonography

17
Q

what is the difference between agenesis and hypogensis

A

1) agenesis: kidneys don’t develop
2) hypogenesis: kidney underdeveloped

18
Q

what is potter syndrome and what are some characteristics

A

newborns with renal agenesis
- eyes widely separated with epicanthic folds, ears low set, nose broad and flat, etc

19
Q

what are some causes of potter syndrome

A

cystic renal dysplasia
obstructive uropathy
autosomal recessive polycystic disease
unilateral agenesis

20
Q

what is cystic disease of the kidney

A

fluid-filled sacs or segments of a dilated nephron

21
Q

what are kidney stones and what are the most common type

A

crystalline structures that form from components of urine
calcium (oxalate and phosphate)

22
Q

what is the second leading bacterial infection seen by healthcare providers

A

UTI

23
Q

what is the most common bacteria that causes UTI’s

A

e. coli

24
Q

what conditions lead to kidney stone formation

A

acidic pH
supersaturated urine
urine stasis

25
Q

what is glomerulonephritis and what are common characteristics

A

inflammation of the glomerular structure
- hematuria
- diminished GFR
- azotemia
- oliguria
- hypertension

26
Q

what is the second leading cause of renal failure

A

glomerulonephritis

27
Q

true or false: static urine flow will predispose your patient to development of a UTI

A

true

28
Q

what is renal failure

A

a condition in which the kidneys fail to remove metabolic end products from the blood and regulate fluid

29
Q

what are the types of renal failure

A

acute and chronic

30
Q

what GFR is indicative of chronic renal failure

A

GFR < 15mL/min/1.73m2

31
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of chronic renal failure

A

accumulation of nitrogenous waste
anemia and coagulation disorders
hypertension
gastrointestinal disorders
immunologic disorders

32
Q

what are the cardiovascular disorders of renal failure

A

hypertension
heart disease
pericarditis

33
Q

what are the hematologic disorders of renal failure

A

anemia
coagulopathies

clincial pathophysiology (7 decks)

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