endocrine disorders Flashcards by Kenny Nguyen

what are the functions of the endocrine system

growth and development
sex differentiation
metabolism
adaptation to changing environment

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how does the endocrine system adapt to a changing environment

regulation of digestion
use and storage of nutrients
electrolyte and water metabolism
reproductive fitness

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true or false: hormones interact with high-affinity receptors

true

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what are the categories of hormones

amines and amino acids
peptides, polypeptides, proteins, and glycoproteins
steroid
fatty acid derivatives

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which of the following is a characteristic of a hormone?
a. a single hormone can exert various effects in different tissues
b. a single function can be regulated by several hormones
c. both

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which is more predominant, positive or negative feedback?

negative

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what hormones are essential for normal body growth and maturation

growth hormone (GH)
insulin
thyroid hormone
androgens

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what are the three different endocrine disorders

hormone excess
hormone deficiency
altered response to hormone

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what do thyroid glands do

increases metabolism and protein synthesis
influence growth and development in children (mental development and attainment of sexual maturity)

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what are the primary functions of the thyroid

metabolism
cardiovascular system (increased O2 consumption)
gi function (promotes gi motility and vasodilation -> CO)
neuromuscular function (muscle function and control)

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what is hyperthyroidism

a sustained increase in synthesis and release of thyroid hormones by thyroid gland

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true or false: hyperthyroidism occurs more often in men

false: women

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true or false: the highest frequency of hyperthyroidism is between ages 20-40 years

true

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what is the most common form of hyperthyroidism

graves’ disease (75%)

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what are other causes of hyperthyroidism

toxic modular goiter
thyroiditis
excess iodine intake
pituitary tumors
thyroid cancer

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what are the signs of subclinical hyperthyroidism

low serum TSH level <0.4mlU/L
normal T4 and T3 levels

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what are the signs of overt hyperthyroidism

low or index table TSH
elevated T4 and T3 levels
symptoms may or may not be present

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what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism

thyroid storm
restlessness, irritability, anxiety
wakefulness
increased cardiac output
tachycardia and palpitations
diarrhea, increased appetite
dyspnea
heat intolerance, increased sweating
thin and silky skin and hair
weight loss

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what are the manifestations of thyroid storm

very high fever
extreme cardiovascular effects (tachycardia, congestive failure, and angina)
severe CNS effects (agitation, restlessness, and delirium)
GI symptoms
high mortality rate

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true or false: thyroid storm results in delayed puberty

false

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what are diagnostic tests for thyroid disease

measures of T3, T4, and TSH
resin uptake test
assessment of thyroid autoantibodies
radioiodine uptake test
thyroid scan
ultrasonography
CT and MRI
fine-needle aspiration biopsy of a thyroid nodule

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what is primary hypothyroidism caused by

destruction of thyroid tissue or defective hormone synthesis

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what is secondary hypothyroidism caused by

pituitary or hypothalamic dysfunction (low TSH or TRH)

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what are the clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism

fatigue
cold intolerance
loss of eyebrow hair
sleep problems
muscle aches
infertility
slow heart beat
weight gain
constipation
headaches
depression
dizziness
brain fog
arthritis
brittle nails
heavy menstrual periods

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what are the signs of subclinical hypothyroidism

TSH is >4.5 mlU/L T4 levels normal affects up to 10% of women over

what are the signs of nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS)

critically ill patients low T3, T4, and TSH levels

what condition does a thyroid goiter appear

any thyroid state

true or false: pancreas is only endocrine and not exocrine gland

false: both endocrine and exocrine

what does the islet of langerhans consist of and what do they secrete

alpha cells: glucagon beta cells: insulin and amylin delta cells: somatostatin and gastrin F cells: pancreatic polypeptide

what is insulin regulated by

chemical, hormonal, and neural mechanisms

what is insulin’s secretion promoted by

increased blood glucose levels

what does insulin facilitate

the rate of glucose uptake into the body’s cells

what is diabetes mellitus and what is it characterized by

dysfunction in the production or action of insulin characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

what does diabetes mellitus affect

metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrates

what are the categories of diabetes mellitus

type 1 type 2 other specific types gestational diabetes

what race has the highest percentage of diabetes

american indian or alaska native

what are the glucose regulating hormones

insulin glucagon somatostatin, amylin, and gut-derived hormones counter-regulatory hormones

true or false: type 1 diabetes typically affects older people

false: younger

what is the genetic susceptibility of type 1 diabetes

1st degree relative (parent or sibling) with type 1 diabetes strongest association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in HLA testing

what ages does type 1 diabetes usually peak at

4-7 10-14

what are the environmental factors of type 1 diabetes

viral infection exposure to cow’s milk proteins relative lack of vitamin D

what are the symptoms of diabetes

polyuria polydipsia polyphagia weight loss or gain blurred vision fatigue/weakness skin infections

true or false: type 1 diabetes is more common than type 2

false: type 2 is 90-95%

true or false: type 2 diabetes has insulin but it doesn’t work properly

true

true or false: people with type 2 diabetes are usually underweight

false: overweight

what is polyuria

excessive urination

what is polydipsia

excessive thirst

what is polyphagia

hungry

what are the diagnostic tests for diabetes

fasting plasma glucose test (FPG) 70-100 is normal, >126 = diabetic random glucose test oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) capillary whole blood glucose monitoring hemoglobin A1C urine tests (ketobodies and glucose)

how to treat diabetes

insulin replacement - type 1 = insulin pump - type 2 = oral therapies (metformin , etc) weight loss (type 2) diet control (ADA diet) hydration exercise

what are the acute complication of diabetes mellitus

diabetic ketoacidosis hyperosmolar hyperglymeic state hypoglycemia

what is the somogyi effect

hypoglycemia with rebounding hyperglycemia counter regulatory hormones cause gluconeogensis most common persons with type 1 diabetes and in children

what is the dawn phenomenon

early morning glucose elevation without nocturnal hypoglycemia related to nocturnal growth hormone elevation

how do you treat dawn phenomenon

alter timing and dose of insulin

what are the microvascular chronic complication of diabetes

diabetic retinopathy diabetic neuropathy diabetic neuropathies

what are the macrovascular chronic complication of diabetes

coronary artery disease myocardial infarction cerebral vascular disease peripheral vascular disease

what hyperfunctions increase cortisol

cushing disease cushing syndrome

what hyperfunction increases aldosterone

primary or secondary hyperaldosteronism

what is a hypofunction of the adrenal cortex

addison disease

what is cushing syndrome

chronic excessive cortisol level, regardless of cause

what is cushing disease

overproduction of pituitary ACTH by a pituitary adenoma lose diurnal and circadian patterns of ACTH and cortisol secretion

what is cushing-like syndrome

exogenous administration of glucocorticoids

how to diagnose cushing’s disease

urine and blood test saliva cortisol test CT and MRI petrosal sinus sampling

what is hypoadrenalism

deficient production of adrenal hormones - aldosterone (stimulus angiotensin II) - cortisol (stimulus ACTH) - androgens (stimulus ACTH) - epinephrine (stimulus SNS)

what is the etiology/pathophysiology of hypoadrenalism

primary - addison’s disease (autoimmune) - lack of glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens secondary - lack of pituitary ACTH - lack of glucocorticoids and androgens

what are the symptoms of addison’s disease

insidious onset (comes on slowly and does not have obvious symptoms at first) - anorexia/weight loss - nausea - progressive weakness - fatigue disease often advances before detected

what is an acute adrenal insufficiency

insufficient or sudden, sharp decrease in hormones life threatening various triggers iatrogenic - abrupt discontinuation of exogenous steroids

how to diagnose addison’s disease

CBC, CMP ACTH stim test insulin-induced hypoglycemia test abd CT scan MRI

endocrine disorders Flashcards

(68 cards)