neuro pt1

Question 1

how much does the brain consume

Answer 1

25% of body’s oxygen
25% of body’s nutrients
70% of body’s glucose

Question 2

what does 1-60 seconds of no blood flow to the brain cause

Answer 2

loss of conciousness

Question 3

what does 2-4 seconds of no blood flow to the brain cause

Answer 3

glycogen and glucose stores are exhausted

Question 4

what does 4-5 minutes of no blood flow to the brain cause

Answer 4

cellular ATP stores are fully depleted, brain damage likely

Question 5

what does 6-10 minutes of no blood flow to the brain cause

Answer 5

brain damage is likely

Question 6

what does 10+ minutes of no blood flow to the brain cause

Answer 6

irreversible brain damage (biological death)

Question 7

what are the four types of brain insults

Answer 7

ischemia insults
acute insults
increased intercranial pressure (insults)
degenerative disorders (insults)

Question 8

what is global ischemia

Answer 8

blood flow cannot meet metabolic demands (cardiac arrest, shock, asphyxiation)
to entire brain

Question 9

what is focal ischemia

Answer 9

ischemia to one focal or specific portion of the brain (strokes)

Question 10

true or false: 25% of strokes happen in people with history of previous strokes

Answer 10

true

Question 11

what are the categories of ischemic strokes

Answer 11

thrombus (disease)
embolisms (clots)
hypoxia (an event)

Question 12

what is a hemorrhagic stroke categorized as? idk

Answer 12

primary brain bleed

Question 13

how many internal carotid arteries are there and where are they located

Answer 13

two
come up laterally from the front of the neck, branch off into two terminal arteries

Question 14

what do the external carotid arteries do

Answer 14

supply blood to the neck and face

Question 15

how many vertebral arteries are there and where are they located

Answer 15

two
come up laterally along the spine and near the back of the neck

Question 16

what do vertebral arteries do

Answer 16

supplies blood to the brain stem and, cerebella and occipital lobes

Question 17

the two vertebral arteries come together and form what

Answer 17

basilar arteries

Question 18

what arteries anastomose (join) each other at the base of the brain and what does it form

Answer 18

basilar and internal carotid arteries
forms circle of willis

Question 19

what does the circle of willis connect

Answer 19

anterior posterior brain circulation
(if one artery is damaged, blood flow is usually not compromised)

Question 20

what is a thrombolytic stroke

Answer 20

most common of ischemic strokes
local action
build up of plaque
atherosclerosis (carotids/vertebral)

Question 21

what is an embolic stroke

Answer 21

clot originates somewhere in the body and travels to the brain
may be secondary to thrombotic stroke (embolus detached from primary site of stroke)

Question 22

what is a large vessel thrombotic occlusion (LVO)/strokes

Answer 22

large vessel disease (atherosclerosis)
counts for 20% of ischemic strokes
symptoms vary with location

Question 23

what are “occlusions” but not necessarily clots yet

Answer 23

middle cerebral artery (MCA) most common
anterior cerebral artery (ACA) least common
posterior cerebral artery (PCA)
vertebral/basilar (basilar) artery

Question 24

what is a cerebral “small vessel disease”/thrombotic stroke

Answer 24

25% of ischemic strokes
small arteries sometimes called small strokes or lacunar infarctions
usually small and deep
closely linked to hypertension
likely a form of atherosclerosis
“white matter hyperintensity” or “white matter disease”

Question 25

what do cerebral “small vessel disease”/thrombotic strokes cause

Answer 25

loss of function
disability
age-related cognitive decline related to dementia, strokes, motor movement issues (old)

Question 26

what is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 26

“short-lives/passing/temporary” form of brain ischemia
symptoms caused by cellular hypoxia without cellular death, thus NOT a “mini stroke”
warning sign of a real stroke
15% experience full strokes within 3 months

Question 27

what is a warning sign of transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 27

hypoxia without severe damage

Question 28

what are the cardiogenic sources of ischemic strokes

Answer 28

20%
atrial fibrillation
myocardial infarction
endocarditis
other dysrhythmias

Question 29

what are the other and unusual (unknown) causes of ischemic strokes

Answer 29

35%
vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage
cerebral vasoconstriction syndromes
radiation-induced vasculopathy
air or fat embolisms
amniotic fluid following childbirth
tumors
unknown

Question 30

true or false: in the acute stages a stroke is stagnant

Answer 30

false: it is evolving, will not know true outcomes for person for days/weeks

Question 31

what are the causes and risk factors for ischemic strokes

Answer 31

• Like cardiovascular disease
• Uncontrolled HTN
• Smoking
• Heart disease/atherosclerosis
• Diabetes
• Atrial fibrillation
• Carotid artery disease/stenosis
• Hyperlipidemia
• Physical inactivity/obesity
• Eclampsia in pregnancy

Question 32

what is a hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 32

burst of blood vessel may allow blood to seep into and damage brain tissues until clotting shuts off the leak

Question 33

what is the process of a brain hemorrhage

Answer 33

1. Rupture of a blood vessel (aneurysm?)
2. Bleeding goes into the brain (location matters)
3. Creates a focal hematoma that may get larger,
4. The brain swells
5. Brain matter gets compressed
6. coma/death

Question 34

what are the symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 34

Person feels a “thunderclap headache”
Contralateral hemiplegia
Leads to spasticity
Loss of consciousness
Increased intracranial pressure
Coma/posturing/death (without treatment)

Question 35

what do primary injuries of strokes result from

Answer 35

compression by the hematoma
increase in the intracranial pressure