Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise Flashcards by Hannah Garrett

What is the reduction of tonic contractile tension called?

Vasodilation

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During exercise, what increases in order to allow blood flow to reach the working muscle better?

vessel diameter

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Most changes occur at the level of the ____ during exercise for vasodilation

arterioles

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The primary mechanisms for vasodilation include

____ vasodilators
___ stress to release NO from the ___ cells

increases

shear; endothelial

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What 4 main vasodilators are mentioned as primary mechanisms for vasodilation?

Adenosine
Potassium
CO2
Lactic Acid

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What vasodilator increases PKA, decreases cytosolic free calcium and decreases MLCK ?

adenosine

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What vasodilator(s) increase hyperpolarization and decreases cytosolic free calcium?

Potassium
Co2
Lactic Acid

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What type of feedback loop is shear stress and NO?

Negative

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Local vasodilation ____ shear stress, which increases the endothelial ___ synthase activity

increases; NO

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NO activates ___ cyclase which increases c___ production

guanylyl

cGMP

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What does cGMP activate?

PKG, which has similar effects to PKA

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Vasoconstriction occurs within ____ and shunts blood to working muscle in order to maintain ____

internal organs; blood pressure

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Small changes in the ___ inner diameter makes a large difference in blood flow

arteriole’s

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Muscle cells consume ___ and create waste byproducts like ___

Oxygen; CO2

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As muscle work longer/harder, they need more oxygen to create more ___. This increases the ___ rate and ___ to exercising muscles

ATP; respiration; blood flow

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An increased demand for systemic oxygen consumption (VO2) are met according to which equation?

Fick Equation

VO2 = [HR x SV] x (A-V O2 Difference)

VO2 = CO x (AV O2 Difference)

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The A-V O2 difference is the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood and ___ with increasing rates of exercise as tissue oxygen uptake increases

increases

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What is your CO at rest?

4-6 L/min

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How do you determine Stroke Volume? What is it influenced by (3)?

SV = EDV - ESV

influenced by preload/afterload/contractility

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SV increases EARLY during acute exercise and reaches its maximum around __-__% VO2 Max

40-50%

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As parasympathetic activity increases, HR ____

decreases

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As sympathetic activity increases, HR ____

increases

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HR increases with activity continuously until what is achieved?

VO2 Max

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During exercise, there is an initial withdrawal of ___ (parasympathetic) activity followed by an addition of ____ sympathetic drive to pacemaker cells

vagal

increase

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Pacemaker cells during exercise ___ K+ conductance, ___ depolarizing inward (Na+) currents, which brings the SA node membrane potential to threshold rapidly

decreases | increasing

Exercise increases the rate of spontaneous SA node _____

depolarization

BP = CO x _____

total peripheral resistance (TPR)

What is a health resting BP?

120/<80mmHg

With acute CV exercise, systolic BP _____ in proportion to increased intensity, while diastolic BP changes ____ REGARDLESS of intensity

increases; very little

Cardiovascular response is directly proportional to the ___ demands of the skeletal muscle during exercise

Aerobic exercise uses ___ as the main fuel source whereas Anaerobic exercise uses ____ and ____ as primary fuel sources

oxygen | phosphocreatine and CHO

Over time, most changes from exercise adaptation occur via _____ efficiency and muscle _____ diameter

neuromuscular | cross-sectional

___ ventricular hypertrophy (thickening of myocardial tissue) occurs from training as a result of ___ overload

Left; pressure

T/F: The Metabolic Vasodilator activity significantly changes as a result of exercise

false; does NOT change significantly

Muscle conduit arteries expand with training. Example, the femoral artery of a trained athlete has a 7-9% WIDER lumen and THINNER wall compared to an untrained individual. This is known as what?

local arterial expansion

With training, the capillary density of trained muscles _____ as a result of capillary angiogenesis

increase

With training, blood volume ____ due to an increase in ____

increases; plasma volume

There is more plasma in the blood with trained individuals due to an increase in plasma ___ which cause more ___ to be retained in the blood

proteins; fluid

With training, ___ volume INCREASES however, since there is also a greater increase of plasma volume, the total ____ DECREASES

Red Blood Cell | Hematocrit

With training, blood viscosity ____ thus improving circulation and enhancing delivery of ____

decreases | oxygen

What 4 changes in the blood help to increase VO2?

1. Capillaries 2. Mitochondria 3. Hemoglobin 4. Myoglobin

What are the determinants of VO2?

1. CO 2. Workload 3. Intensity 4. Changes that increase VO2 (capillaries, mitochondria, hemoglobin, myoglobin)

Endurance training ___ SV at REST and during submax and max exercise due to an increased heart/chamber size in the left ventricle which will stretch and fill more, enhancing its _____

increases | contractility

HR adaptations to Training: 1. Resting HR ____ 2. Submax HR ____ 3. Max HR _____ slightly

decreases decreases decreases

A normal HR recovery with training is a decrease of greater than or equal to ___ beats within ONE minute of stopping exercise

Higher CO is achieved post-training at ___ workloads due to an increased ____

maximal; SV

Using the upper body during the same type of exercise causes a greater increase in what?

Blood Pressure

During acute exercise, metabolically-induced increases in blood flow lead to arteriolar vaso_____ which increases the amount of _____ that are well perfused

dilation | capillaries

With training, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) ____ capillary angiogenesis

increases

With training, capillary density increases from _-_/muscle fiber to __-__/muscle fiber

1-3 | 6-8

Dynamic exercise is considered any movement that is ____

rhythmic

HR, CO, VO2 (oxygen consumption) all increase _____ with exercise intensity up to ____

linearly; max

There are ___ effects on arterial blood pressure with training

moderate

In dynamic arm exercise, there is a ___% greater increase in ___ blood pressure than in dynamic leg exercises

10 | arterial

With training, total peripheral resistance goes ____ (uncommon with an increase in _____)

down | arterial blood pressure

an increase in blood flow is called _____ and occurs with training

hyperemia

Providing adequate ____ to support exercise-induced hyperemia is the primary driving force for most CV effects of dynamic exercise

The increase in bp by isometric exercise is far greater than the

metabolic cost of the exercise

HR and BP is greater in _____ exercise when circulation and intensity are similar

isometric

Increase in MAP is proportional to size of ___ and duration of ___ during isometric exercise

muscle; contraction

What type of exercise never reaches a steady state?

isometric

With isometric exercise, bp can increase

dramatically

With isometric exercise, there is an increase of blood flow of __-__% of MVC (muscle flow increases with muscle relaxation)

30% | 40-60%

With isometric exercise, the respiratory response is that the hemodynamic parameters are ____ and there is systemic ____

normal | hypoxia

With isometric exercise, CVD patients have normal levels of ____ oxygen and limited levels of ____

arterial | CO

Mitral Stenosis causes a low ___, but max HR and max oxygen consumption are relatively ____

stroke volume; normal

How do patients with Mitral Stenosis compensate for the effects of exercise?

at rest, increase their HR and oxygen consumption

Mitral Stenosis impairs muscle ____

blood flow

The Cardiovascular effects of dynamic exercise is driven by active muscles demand for ____, which increases the ___ from an increase in ____, blood flow and sympathetic tone

oxygen CO venous return

Isometric exercise increases ____ and ____

HR; MAP

In general, exercise effects may be limited by ___ transport

oxygen