Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Danielle Biernacki

Blood =

Plasma + Cells

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Blood functions as a carrier for what 6 things?

A. Nutrients B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Waste E. Hormones F. Defense factors

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Blood is essential for what 4 things?

A. Temperature control B. Water balance C. pH balance D. Clotting activity

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Blood elements?

Red blood cells (primary) - rely on glycolysis due to no mitochondria white blood cells plasma

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Erythrocytes

also known as red blood cells, which are plasma membrane enclosed bags of hemoglobin that transport O2 and to a lesser extent CO2 and H in the blood

makes up more then 99% of blood cells

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The presence of hemoglobin

contributes to the red color of blood

Bright red= More oxygen

Dark red= no oxygen

appears blue because of pigment of skin

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Hemoglobin (Hb) Composition

4 red porphyrin pigments (hemes) + globin

Each heme contains an atom of iron

     (ferrous = Fe++)

Each globin contains 4 amino acid chains
(polypeptide)

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Hemocyanin

has Cu instead of Fe AND Cu is what makes it blue

it is an oxygen transporting protein found in arthropods such as crustaceans

that use two Cu atoms to bind with one oxygen molecule

Ex: the horshoe crab with blue legs

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Hematicrit

is packed cell volume (PCV)

Red blood cells make up 45%

Plasma makes up 55% - by weight mostly water and proteins (Na and electrolytes make up less then 1%)

“buffy coat” = <1% –Platelets and White blood cells

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Oxyhemoglobin

Hb + Oxygen (lungs) >> oxyhemoglobin (loosely bound)

Because of Hb - blood can carry 60 times more
oxygen than water.

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Process of developing red blood cells

Most iron enters - level of duodenum (small intestine) - goes to
bone marrow where incorporated into heme
molecules for developing RBC’s

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Methemoglobin

True oxidation product of hemoglobin

that is unable to transport oxygen.

** Iron in the ferric condition (Fe+++)**
(cant take up any more oxygen)

**Nitrates ** in plants - converted >> nitrites in rumen

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Carboxyhemoglobin

Formed when carbon monoxide (CO) combines with Hb.

Carboxyhemoglobin - unable - carry O2

Affinity Hb for CO = 210 times greater than for O2.

Animal dies of suffocation - while blood is still cherry red.

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Two forms of hemeglobin that can not carry Oxygen

Carboxyhemoglobin and Methemoglobin

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Blood from veins are what color?

Blood from arteries are what color?

Blood from veins is bright red (due to more oxygen

Blood from arteries are dark red (due to no oxygen) or little amount

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RBC in a Fetus

they have a nucleus (nuclei)

the RBC are procuced in the:

liver, spleen and lymph nodes

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RBC in an adult

No nuclues (nuclei) = no mitochondria aswell

RBC are produced in red bone marrow

**basically just a cell to transport Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

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What types of animals have RBC with a nuclei throughout their life?

Birds, fish, amphibians and reptiles

Their red blood cells are typically oval shaped and usually larger than in mammels

No info about advantages with either of these associations

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What is the main function of erythrocytes (RBC)?

What 3 things are essential for erythrocyte (RBC) formation?

The main function of RBC is to transport Oxygen from the lungs or gills to all tissues.

The 3 essential elements for RBC formation:

Iron (especially; without it you can not produce RBC)

Follic Acid and

Vitamin B12

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What is erythropoiesis?

Regions of bone marrow called red bone marrow normally generate new red blood cells; this process is called erythropoiesis, which keeps the pace with demolition of old cells.

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What is erythropoietin?

(its a hormone)

reduced Oxygen delivery to the kidneys stimulates them to secrete this hormome (erythropoirtin) in to the blood, and this hormone in turn stimulates erythropoiesis by the hemopoietic.

*produced by kidneys (endocrine gland) and stimulates erthyrocytes (RBC) differentiation and production in bone marrow

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Biliverdin

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green pigment

Bilirubin

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Redish color pigment and Is an antioxidant

Yellow color assoc. with a bruise on the skin due to bilirubin helping to protect against the injury and oxidative stress.

**Accumulation of Bilirubin in thte blood causes yellow mucous membrane in mouth and eyes (Jaundice)

Phototherapy

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converts bilirubin to compounds the neonate can excrete

Anemia causes what?

causes a decrease in functional RBC or amount of Hemaglobin reduced O2 carrying capacity decreased viscosity of blood with reduced RBCs

4 things associateed with blood clotting

1. Platlets 2. Clotting Factors 3. Fibrin; acts as a glue 4. Other cells; support the clot; RBC and WBC

Red Bone Marrow

Produces RBC and ultimate source for leukocytes and platlets as well

Hematocrit (PCV) What is the normal averge for a human?

Packed cell volume percentage of whole blood that is made up of RBCs Normal Average PCV = 50%

Hemoconcentration

opposite of anemia and occurs with dehydration \*too many RBC, not drinking enough water

Polycythemia

Hct may be 60 to 70 incr RBC (if you have polycythemia you have hemoconcentration

What is from the bone marrow and has no nuclei Servers as a function in blood clotting

Platlets- cell fragmants Thrombocyte - a living cell (found in all vertebrates except mammels)

Vitamin K helps with what

Helps make 4 of the 13 proteins needed for blood clotting

Leucocytes, also known as what? Orgin? Consist of what with in?

Leucocytes = White blood cells which contain nuclei most numerous immune system cells Orgin = bone marrow contain GRANULOCYTES and AGRANULOCYTES

What are Granulocytes? What do they consist of?

contain granules in cytoplasm (granules contain enzymes and lysosomes) neutrophils eosinophils basophils

Agranulocytes consist of what?

monocytes lymphocytes

What is the life span of the WBC, granulacytes?

few hours

What is the life span of the WBC, lymphocytes?

a few years lymphocytes = antibodies

What are Neutrophils?

first line of defense against infection; pus is a waste product from neutraphil digestion Phagocytosis- engulf bacteria \*\*greatest number of WBCs

Chemotaxic migration | (ameboid movement)

area of bacteria that pass through vessel walls (diapedesis)- can cause edemia if too much leakage to lymph fluid attracted by seretion from nerutrophills

What happens during infection

injured or damaged cells release histamine which initiates inflammation

What does Histamine do? Antihistamine?

dialates blood vessels hyperemia = localized incr. blood flow\>\>redness at inflammed site antihistamine- decr. blood flow

Monocytes

largest of the WBC Phagocytic like neutrophils work during tuberculosis unlike neytrophils

What happens when monocytes enter tissue?

transform in to macrophages

What are Macrophages?

large cells (5 fold larger than monocytes) found in almost all organd and tissues thtey consome particles much larger then bacteria

Lymphocytes

large nucleus major function = responds to antigens as an antibody incr. in number of lymphocytes indicates infection

What is Erythropoiesis?

erythrocyte (RBC) formation/production

What is Leukopoiesis?

leukocyte (WBC) formation/production

Plasma

blood treated with heparin (anti-clotting) to prevent clotting and calles allowed to settle plasma is 92% water with a large portion of the remainder being plasma protein \*\* C. Bernard's "internal environment" "Milieu interior"

What are the two protein plasmas? What do they do?

Albumin and Globulins These are the antibodies that react with antigens Plasma proteins also buffer to prevent large pH changes

What is Albumin

most abundant protein in plasma - responsible for carrier function and large part of osmotic pressure

What is Globulins?

gamma-globulins provide immunity and resistance to disease

Serum

plasma minus fibrinogen, minus most clotting factors, and minus protein \*Normal blood pH = 7.35 - 7.45

Lymph What does it contain?

tissue fluid not reabsorbed into venous capillarie- is taken in by lymphatics- then vbecomes lymph clear, colorless similar to blood plasma which it is derived from may contain few RBC, and many lmphocytes and inorganic salts, glucose, nonprotein substances and some protein

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(53 cards)