Immune System

Question 1

Classes of Pathogens

6

Answer 1

1. Bacteria
2. Viruses
3. Prions
4. Parasites
5. Fungi
6. Protozoa

Question 2

Bacteria is what type of cellular organism

Answer 2

Unicellular- majority are spheres or rods

Prokaryotic- No nuclei or membrane bound organelles (outer membrane with everything else just sloshing around inside)

Cell wall outside of cell membrane

• Pepptidoglycan
  
  • Peptides & polysaccharides

Question 3

Outer cell membrane (Gram-negative)

Answer 3

• Lipid membrane with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Question 4

No outer cell membrane (Gram-positive)

Answer 4

• Thick cell wall of peptidoglycan and techoic acids

Question 5

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

2 things

Answer 5

1. LPS also known as endotoxin
   (“endogenous toxin”)
2. LPS is only found in gram- negative bacteria

Question 6

What are the most common bacterial infections

Answer 6

extracellular

They stay outside of cells when they colonize a tissue; stay in blood stream, bladder, and secretions

Question 7

Not all bacteria are Pathogenic

Answer 7

Some bacterial populations are protective against
infection (Comensals)
- Competitive inhibition
- Anti-microbial activity (secreting anti-bacterial protein to kill surrounding bacteria but not self)

**billions of types of bacteria in the world and less then 1% cause disease.

Question 8

Beneficial purposes for bacteria

Answer 8

• Food production
  
  • Biotechnology
  • Bioremediation

Question 9

What type of organism is a Virus

Answer 9

Not an independent living organism
- DNA or RNA with protein capsid
- Sometimes lipid envelope
Intracellular pathogens
- Must gain entry into cells
- Must “high-jack” cellular metabolic and synthetic machinery (to make copies of self)
- Cellular entry into specific cell type depending on virus

Question 10

Viral Life Cycle

Answer 10

Attach, penetrate (inject DNA or RNA into the cell), uncoat, replication, assembly,
release

*Forms thousands to millions of virals and rupture to bind with others) or passed through a sneeze cough transmits a virus as well

Question 11

When infected by a virus leads to..

some cause…

Answer 11

Ultimately, usually death of host cell

• Sometimes latency or dormancy
• Some cause mutations and malignancy (linked with cancer)
• Antibiotic therapy not effective
• Antiviral drugs moderately successful

Question 12

How can viruses lead to cell damage or death?

Answer 12

by depleting essential components, dictatin that the cell produce substances that are toxic to the cell, or transferming the cell into a cancer cell

Question 13

Parasites

how does it survive?

Answer 13

an organism that lives on or in a host and gets its food from or at the expense of its host

Survival depends on host it is attached to

some are easily treated some are not snf can cause disease in livestock, and humans

Question 14

Water as a source of parasites

Answer 14

can become infected with disease when swallow or come in contact with contaminated water by certain parasites

Question 15

Common Global water related disease from parasite?

Answer 15

Guinea worm
giardasis
and others

Question 16

Protozoa pathogens

Answer 16

doesnt clearly state a family of organisms

includes eukaryptic, unicellular, motile though with exceptions

Question 17

Vector refers to

Answer 17

an insect that transmits a disease

parasites transmitted by insects often circulate in the blood of the host, with he parasite residing in and damaging organs or other parts of the body.

Question 18

Mechanical vectors

Answer 18

flies that transmit viruses that cause diarrhea

Question 19

Obligatory Host

Answer 19

disease organism must undergo development before being transmitted (Malaria)