Respiratory System

Question 1

What is the respiratory System

Answer 1

Gas exchange - internal & external environments Pharynx >> Larynx >> Trachea = noncollapsible tube (series of adjacent cartilage rings - incomplete dorsally; do not go all the way around) >> 2 bronchi (1 per lung) >> smaller bronchi >> bronchioles >> alveolar ducts >> alveolar sacs >> alveoli (gas exchange; occurs deep down in the body)

Question 2

Difference between veins and arteries

Answer 2

Veins return blood to heart (low oxygen) Arteries carry blood away from heart

Question 3

Everything below diaphragm is? Everything above diaphragm is?

Answer 3

Below diaphragm = ABDOMINAL Above diaphragm = THORASIC

Question 4

Inspiration

Answer 4

ACTIVE PROCESS Enlargement - thoracic cavity (sealed off) > further decrease pressure - relative atmospheric pressure.

Lungs enlarge >> air inflow Diaphragm - dome-shaped - contracts >> further decr. pressure

Striated muscle - phrenic nerves attached Muscles - on ribs - rotate ribs forward - INSPIRATION

Question 5

Expiration

Answer 5

movement of air out of lungs - due to decreased thoracic volume

Largely - passive activity - due to elastic recoil

But forced expiration - requires effort of abdominal muscles (actice process)

Question 6

Types of breathing

(4 types)

Answer 6

1. Eupnea
2. Dyspnea
3. Apnea
4. Polypnea

Question 7

Eupnea

Answer 7

normal quiet respiration

Question 8

Dyspnea

Answer 8

difficult breathing

Question 9

Apnea

Answer 9

cessation of respiration

Question 10

Polypnea

Answer 10

rapid, shallow breathing

Question 11

Air Volumes & Capacities

Answer 11

1. Tidal Vol
2. Inspiratory Reserve Vol.
3. Expiratory Reserve Vol.
4. Residual Vol
5. Total Lung Capacity
6. Vital Capacity
7. Functional Residual Capacity
8. Inspiratory Capacity
9. Anatomical Dead Space
10. Physiologic Dead Space

Question 12

Tidal Volume

Answer 12

Volume air inspired or expired during normal respiration

Question 13

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 13

Amount air inspired above that inspired - normal respiration

Question 14

Expiratory Reserve Volume

Answer 14

maximal amount air expired following normal quiet respiration.

Question 15

Residual Volume

Answer 15

air remaining in lungs after max. expiratory effort

Question 16

Total Lung Capacity

Answer 16

amount air in lungs - end - max. inspiration -
( TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV)

Question 17

Vital Capacity

Answer 17

amount air that can be expired after max. inspiration

(VC = IRV + TV + ERV)

Question 18

Anatomical Dead Space

Answer 18

air from nose & mouth

results from the fact that not all the inspired air gets down to the site of gas exchange in the alveoli

part of it remains in the conducting airways where it is not available for gas exchange.

(the volume is considered as anatomical dead space)

Question 19

Physiologic Dead Space

(includes 3 things)

Answer 19

1. anatomic dead space

2. volume air in nonfunctioning alveoli
3. volume air in excess of amount needed to convert O2 content of capillary blood to that of arterial blood.

Question 20

alveoli

Answer 20

Tthe air sacs across which O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the blood and air in mammalian lungs.

Question 21

Pressure Relationships

Answer 21

Normal respiration

Intrapleural pressure

Question 22

Normal Respiration

Answer 22

intrapulmonary pressure close atmospheric (760 mmHg)

Question 23

Intrapleural pressure

Answer 23

= pressure - intrapleural space

 required to maintain lung expansion.

Always negative with respect - atmospheric pressure

Question 24

Hemoglobin (protein) in erythrocytes >>

Answer 24

increases efficiency O2 transport & exchange in blood.

No ATP needed

Passive diffusion

(Hb is carried in circulating erythrocytes)

Question 25

Alveolar air

Answer 25

(Surface is Wet) separated from blood in pulmonary capillaries by respiratory membrane that includes: endothelial lining (capillaries), capillary basement membrane, alveolar epithelium**,** layer of alveolar fluid, alveolar layer of surfactant. much **higher partial pressure O2** & ** lower partial pressure CO2** _than blood entering pulmonary capillaries._

Question 26

Surfactant

Answer 26

detergent-like phospholipid that is produced by specific alveoli (Type II) cells. Reduces surface tension of fluid film lining the alveoli.

Question 27

Pleural Sac

Answer 27

surrounds the lung | (dont want to repture it)

Question 28

During gas exchange diffusion across membrane is ?

Answer 28

very rapid; less then 1 second

Question 29

At tissue level PO2 goes from 100 mmHg to 40 mmHg there fore excess O2 does what?

Answer 29

diffuses out if blood

Question 30

Gas Transport

Answer 30

Oxygen picked up by the circulation at the respiratory organs must be transported to the tissue for cell use Conversely CO2 produced at the cellular level must be transported to the respiratory organs for elimination.

Question 31

Oxygen can be present in the blood in 2 forms

Answer 31

Physically disolved as **_Free Gas_** and chemically bound to a respiratory protein or pigment (the most common one being hemoglobin; Hb)

Question 32

Myoglobin

Answer 32

Serves to store oxygen in muscle, espicially Type 1 (red aerobic) skeletal fibers and heart Myoglobins function as a reserve for oxygen \*\*contraction of skeletal muscle and heart reduces bloof flow by squeezing actions Myoglobin can release oxygen to compensate