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Anatomy and physiology > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

pericardium

A

thick sac that protects the heart and anchors it to the diaphragm

the inner and outer layers of the pericardium are covered by a smooth layer of endothelium

a special lubricating fluid between the layers allows the heart to slide around with very little friction

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2
Q

myocardium

A

the bulk of the heart and composed mainly of cardiac muscle and is the layer that contracts

the myocardium muscle fibers are highly branched and attached by collagen connective tissue fibers that link all parts of the heart together

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3
Q

endocardium

A

the heart is lined with a white sheet of endothelium which is continuous with the blood vessel linings

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4
Q

fossa ovalis

A

marks a place of opening between the artria in developing fetuses
it allows fetal blood to move directly from the right to left atrium bypassing the lungs which are underdeveloped

This closes during birth so the baby can begin to breath on their own and recieve oxygen

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5
Q

pulmonary valve

A

controls the flow leaving the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

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6
Q

aortic valve

A

controls the flow of blood out of the left ventricle into the aorta

the aortic valve is stronger than the pulmonary valve because of the increased blood pressure needed to send blood pumping to the entire body.

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7
Q

mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

controls the flow of blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle

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8
Q

tricuspid valve

A

controls the floe of blood from the right atrium to the right ventricle

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9
Q

three types of blood vessels used to transport blood

A

arteries - carry blood away from the heart -except pulmonary

veins -carry blood back to the heart

capillaries - change materials with tissues

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10
Q

arteries

A

elastic, thick-walled vessels that can expand and contract to accommodate the larger blood flowing from the heart at the end of each heart beat

large arteries expand and recoil to help the heart pump blood through the systemic circulation

have palatable pulses

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11
Q

arterioles

A

small arteries are constricted and dilated by muscles controlled by the automatic and parasympathetic systems which control blood pressure

contracting the arterioles increase blood pressure through decreasing the available volume and relaxation decreases it

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12
Q

peripheral resistance

A

arterioles are the vessels primarily responsible for providing differing levels of peripheral resistance (varying blood pressure) to blood flow depending on the internal and external affecting the body

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13
Q

veins

A

are thinner walled vessels that are under less pressure from the heart

these do not have pulses

have internal valves that open toward the heart and close at the end of a heart beat to prevent blood from flowing backward as the blood is returned to the heart

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14
Q

compliance

A

veins have compliance which means they stretch with very little recoil

because of their compliance veins have the largest amount of blood in the CVS

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15
Q

lumen

A

the opening in the center of a vessel

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16
Q

three layers of arteries and veins

A

tunica externa, turnia media and tunica intima

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17
Q

tunica externa

A

most superficial layer of the artery or vein which helps anchor the vessel to the surrounding structures

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18
Q

turica media

A

middle muscular layer of a vessel has an external elastic membrane, a layer of smooth muscle, a layer of internal elastic membrane

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19
Q

tunica intima

A

innermost layer of a vessel that contains a layer of subendothelial tissue and a layer of endothelium

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20
Q

capillaries

A

branching of arterioles causes formation of even narrower tubes called capillaries.

these are interconnected to form capillary beds which perform gas exchange of materials with cells of the body

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21
Q

venules

A

the blood is collected from capillary beds by small veins called venules - many which join to form a vein to return blood to the heart

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22
Q

left coronary artery

A

runs towards the left side of the heart and divides the interventricular branch and the circumflex branch

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23
Q

anterior interventricular branch

A

supplies blood to both ventricles

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24
Q

circumflex branch

A

supplies the left atrium and left ventricle

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25
Q

right coronary artery

A

runs towards the right side of the heart and divides into posterior interventricular artery and marginal artery which supply the right atrium and right ventricle

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26
Q

circle of willis

A

also know as the cerebral arterial circle

has a unique feature of providing alternate circulation in case one of the arteries becomes blocked

this is important because neurons can only survive minutes without oxygen before they die

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27
Q

basilar artery

A

two vertebral arteries rise superiorly along both sides of the spinal cord joining to form the basilar artery at the base of the pons

the basilar artery branches into left and right posterior cerebral arteries

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28
Q

blood is classified as what and contains what

A

connective tissue

liquid portion called plasma
cellular portion called formed elements composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

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29
Q

serum

A

is identical to blood but the clotting proteins have been removed

this is done by letting the blood sit in a tube until it clots and centrifuging the sample to seperate the solids from liquid portions

used for many laboratory tests

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30
Q

osmotic pressure

A

is the net pressure of blood that moves fluids from the tissues into the circulatory system

driven by proteins in the plasma that remain in the capillaries

in the case of blood at the capillaries, water has an automatic tendency to slow towards the proteins pulling fluids back into the circulatory system

opposed hydrostatic pressure

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31
Q

Functions of plasma

A

helps buffer the pH of blood keeping it near 7.4

helps in transporting large organic molecules in blood

aides in clotting

maintains blood osmotic pressure because of proteins in plasma

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32
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure of blood which pushes fluid into the tissues by the pressure of blood pumping from the heart

**It is important for the body to maintain homeostasis between osmosis and hydrostatic pressure so that fluids flow into the tissues and then return to the circulatory system

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33
Q

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

most abundant cell in the body.

small bioconcave discs that carry oxygen

each red blood cell has 250 million hemoglobin molecules

live for 120 days and destroyed by the liver and spleen

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34
Q

Hemoglobin

A

contains iron that loosely combines with oxygen helping to carry oxygen in the blood

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35
Q

Where are red blood cells manufactured

A

In red bone marrow of the skull, ribs, vertebrae, and the ends of long bones

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36
Q

Anucleate

A

without a nucleus - red blood cells must lose their nucleus and synthesize hemoglobin before they are released in the blood

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37
Q

what happens when red blood cells are destroyed?

A

Hemoglobin is released so that the iron can be recycled

The iron gets recycled to the red bone marrow for reuse

the heme portion undergoes chemical degradation, and are excreted by the liver as bile products

38
Q

white blood cells vs red blood cells

A

white blood cells aka leukocytes

White blood cells are larger than red blood cells, have a large nucleus, lack hemoglobin

39
Q

inflammatory response

A

when microorganisms enter the body our to injury the body responds through an inflammatory response because of the swelling and redness

the swelling and redness are due to an increase of blood flow to the injured site which sends an immune defense cells (white blood cells)

40
Q

How do white blood cells help in an inflammatory response

A

they squeeze through capillary walls and enter the tissue fluid where they destroy foreign material

41
Q

pus

A

pus contains a large portion of dead white blood cells that have fought foreign invaders and undergo cell death

42
Q

Three types of white blood cells

A

granulocytes- have granules in cytoplasm

aganuolecytes- do not have granules in cytoplasm

lymphocytes -include B and T cells

43
Q

platelets

A

aka thrombocytes - involved in blood clotting or coagulation

not “true cells” but fragments of large bone marrow predecessor called megakaryocyte (cells with multi nucleus)

these stop bleeding by sticking to the edges of a wound and begin to clot the opening

much smaller than red blood cells

44
Q

coagulation cascade

A

once platelets start sticking the edges of a wound and begin the coagulation process than this triggers a coagulation cascade -or a series of events to start blood clotting mechanism

release of prothrombin activator is released by the platelets and injured tissues which coverts it to thrombin

prothrombin –> thrombin

45
Q

fibrinogen

A

Blood clotting needs involvement of fibrinogen - a protein manufactured by the liver that freely floats in the blood

thrombin helps convert fibrinogen to fibrin

fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel and provide a framework for the clot

46
Q

fibrin

A

the activated form of fibrinogen (thrombin activates it)

fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug and for a framework for the clot

Red blood cells get caught in the fibrin and make the clot look red

the network of fibrin and platelets work together to make a platelet plug to stop bleeding (only temporary before destroyed by plasmin)

47
Q

plasmin

A

destroys the fibrin network and restores fluidity of plasma

any dysfunction in the clotting cascade can lead a variety of clotting disorders

48
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

the heart is a double pump because it has two circuits

the right circuit is called the pulmonary circuit and the left circuit is called the systemic circuit

49
Q

Valves assure the blood flow in which way?

A

One way direction

forward from the vessels into the atria, into the ventricles, then out the ventricles

50
Q

pulmonary circuit

systemic circuit

A

P- sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs to be oxygenated

S- sends oxygenated blood from the heart to the cells of the body

51
Q

The blood pathway (simple)

A

one way path from the heart, lungs, body

52
Q

The blood pathway (complicated) – returning deoxygenated form cells of the body to entering the heart

A

Two large veins called the inferior and superior vena cavae return deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

right atrium through tricuspid valve to right ventricle.

through pulmonary valve into pulmonary arteries (only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood)

lungs

blood gets oxygenated by capillary bed in lungs (and gets rid of CO2

carried by pulmonary veins to heart entering left atrium

oxygenated blood flows through bicuspid valve (mitral valve) into left ventricle

which pumps it through the aortic valve into the aorta

Aortic arch turns posteriorly carrying oxygenated blood supply to the cells of all body tissues with oxygen and nutrients

deoxygenated blood then is returned to the right atrium through the vena cavae which completes the circuit.

53
Q

aorta

A

largest vessel in the body

the aortic arch turns posteriorly carrying oxygenated blood supply to the cells of all body tissue with oxygen and nutrients

deoxygenated blood is then returned to the right atrium through the vena cavae which completes the circuit

54
Q

how many times does the heart beat and for how long?

A

the heart contracts or beats about 70 times per minute and each heartbeat lasts about 0.85 seconds

55
Q

systole/diastole

A

S- refers to contraction of heart chambers

D-refers to relaxation of chambers

for the heart to work as a pump it must contract and relax in a cyclical pattern

56
Q

cardiac cycle

A

has three general phases

first atria contract for 0.15 seconds while the ventricles relax

second the ventricles contract for .30 seconds while the atria relax

third, all chamber relax for .40 seconds

57
Q

why is the atria contraction shorter than the ventricles contraction?

A

the atria only have a short way to travel to the ventricles

The ventricles contraction needs to be longer to pump blood to the much larger systemic and pulmonary circularity circuits

58
Q

lub dub

A

when the heart beats the sounds are called lub dub as the valves of the heart close

lub is heard when the atrioventricular (bicuspid and tricuspid) valves closes

dub is heard when the semilunar valves close

stethoscope is used to hear heart sounds

59
Q

systolic pressure

A

results from blood being forced into the arteries during ventricular systole

60
Q

diastolic pressure

A

is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole

61
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

contraction of the left ventricle forces blood into the arteries under pressure

62
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

blood pressure is measured with sphygmomanometer

it is measures the amount of pressure required to stop the flow of blood through the artery. typically the brachial artery

bulb is squeezed to inflate the bladder with air

the bladder is held in place over an artery by the cuff

manometer -displays the pressure in millimeters of mercury

the pressure inside the bladder is slowly released by the valve

emptying the bladder of air allows blood to flow through the artery again

63
Q

stethoscope

A

is used to listen to the first sounds of blood flow displayed on the manometer. when taking blood pressure

64
Q

blood pressure reading

A

consist of two numbers

for example 120/80 which represents systolic and diastolic respectively

65
Q

Describe how blood pressure falls as it travels from aorta through arterioles and beyond

A

As blood flows from the aorta, through into various arteries and artrioles -blood pressure drops from arteries to aterioles

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure gradually diminishes as blood reaches arterioles

int he capillaries there is a slow, even flow of blood to allow for diffusion of oxygen and wastes in and out of capillary beds

blood pressure in veins is very low and can zero at times

66
Q

what factors enable the veins to return blood to the heart

A

low resistance in venous walls, meaning veins can stretch to accommodate larger volume

presence of internal valves prevents back flow of blood

assistance of muscular contraction in the limbs and chest enables blood in the veins to maintain a flow significant enough to return blood to the heart

67
Q

electrical impulses

A

The heart has an elaborate electrical system that is responsible for maintaining its intrinsic rhythmic abilities

contractions of cardiac muscle start with heart muscle itself, making it somewhat independent of any nerve supply from the CNS

If removed from the body the heart can continue to beat on its own with proper oxygen and nutrients

68
Q

what systems regulate the heart rate

A

the nervous system and endocrine system through neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine

the interaction with these systems allow the heart rate to change based on emotional and physical stressors

69
Q

Sinoatriol node

A

the electrical impulse that controls the cardiac cycle begins at the SA node (sinoatrial node) found in the right atrium

Know as the pacemaker of the heart because it begins the electrical impulses neccesary for the cardiac cycle

SA node is a small mass of specialized cardiac muscle that contains both cardiac and nervous tissue characteristics

The electrical impulse begins at the SA node and spreads through the atria, creating left and right artiole systole

70
Q

Atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

the SA node impulse travels through the AV node into bundle of His

The impulse then continues to travel towards the ventricular apex (downward point of the heart)

to the Purkinje fibers causing the left and right ventricles to contract

71
Q

EKG or ECG

A

electrocardiogram - a device used to measure electrical impulses in the heart

different parts of the ECG tracing represent the rhythmical electrical impulses and corresponding mechanical events in the heart

commonly used to monitor and diagnose patient conditions

72
Q

P-wave

A

arterial depolarization (active firing of nerve impulse) and arterial systole are denoted as P-wave

73
Q

QRS

A

ventricular depolarization and ventricular systole and denoted as QRS complex

74
Q

T-wave

A

ventricular repolorization (returning to rest) and ventricular diastole are denoted as T wave

Note - there is no way to note the repolarization of the atria, as its activity is lost within the QRS complex

75
Q

syncope

A

fainting

cardiovascular issues can be experienced by a healthy person

For example is a person stands perfectly still for a long time (store clerk) blood tends to pool in the veins

once the veins are fully distended, they can not accept blood from the capillaries

large amounts of plasma are forced out of the thin capillary walls, causing a drop in arterial blood pressure

once arterial blood pressure drops blood flow to the brain is reduced and causes fainting (syncope) because of decreased oxygen to the brain

76
Q

edema

A

heart failure causes an abnormal backup of fluids in the body (edema) and/or high blood pressure

77
Q

pulmonary edema

A

left sided heart failure tends to cause pulmonary edema, or a backup of fluid in the lungs also know as congestive heart failure

78
Q

peripheral edema

A

right sided heart disease tends to cause peripheral edema or back up of fluids in the body and limbs

79
Q

hypertension

A

defined as a condition when systolic and diastolic pressures are significantly higher than 120/80 mmHg

called the silent killer because it may be undetected until of heart attack or stroke

80
Q

atherosclerosis

A

an accumulation of soft masses or fatty acids, often cholesterol, inside the arteries

these deposits called plaque accumulate beneath the inner linings of arteries

as a plaque continues to build up it tends to protrude into the vessel, interfering with normal blood flow

can cause a blood clot to form on the irregular arterial wall

may cause clot in immediate area or can dislodge and travel clogging a smaller artery in its path

81
Q

thrombus

A

stationary blood clot

82
Q

embolus

A

is a clot dislodges and moves along with blood it is called an embolus

83
Q

thromboembolism

A

is an embolus that becomes lodged in a vessel as it travels

84
Q

pulmonary thromboembolism (PE)

A

a blockage of a major artery in the lungs, causing shortness of breath and angina (chest pain)

85
Q

infraction

A

occurs if the vessel is totally blocked by a thrombus or embolism, causing tissue death in the area supplies by the clogged artery

can result in death if unresolved and complications that arise

86
Q

myocardial infraction

A

medical term for heart attack

occurs when a portion of the heart muscle dies because of lack of oxygen

87
Q

angina pectoris

A

if a coronary artery is partially blocked due to plaque the individual may suffer from angina pectoris (chest pain), characterized by radiation pain in the left arm

88
Q

Often heart attack is followed by at least one or serval of these symptoms-

A

Head- lightheadedness

Arms, back, neck, jaw, between shoulders - pain and discomfort, numbness

chest- pressure, pain, fullness, or squeezing (lasts for more than a few minutes or comes and goes)

skin- cold sweat

Lungs- trouble breathing, shorteness of breath

Stomach- upset stomach, urge to throw up

Other symptoms- women may feel very tired -sometimes for days or weeks. Women may also have heartburn, cough, heart flutters, or loss of appetite

89
Q

Medical treatment for thromboembolism

A

includes two drugs given intravenously to dissolve clot -

streptokinase (normally produced by bacteria)

t-PA - genetically engineered

both of these drugs convert plasminogen, a molecule found in blood to plasmin - an enzyme that dissolves blood clots

90
Q

Aspirin

A

if a person has symptoms of angina or thromboylic stroke, and anticoagulant drug such as aspirin may be given by emergency response team

aspirin reduces the coagulation of platelets and therefore lowers the probability a clot will form

91
Q

Surgical procedure to clear clogged arteries

A

Angioplasty is a procedure where a surgeon threads a plastic tube into the artery of an arm or leg

The tube is guided through the blood vessel towards the heart

when the tube reaches the segment clogged by plaque in the coronary artery, the balloon attached to the end of the tube is inflated, forcing the vessel to open

92
Q
A

Anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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