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Anatomy and physiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscles

A

under conscious control - a person can decide to use these muscles to complete an action.

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2
Q

peripheral nerves

A

carry the signal from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to a specific muscle destination to provide movement.

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3
Q

motor actions

A

messages from the central nervous system to a muscle

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4
Q

sensation or sensory input

A

nerves also carry information from the external environment to the central nervous system

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5
Q

spinal nerves

A

combine to form complex networks of peripheral nerves throughout the body.

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6
Q

tendons

A

connective tissue that connects muscle to bones

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7
Q

ligaments

A

connective tissue that connects bone to bone

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8
Q

origin

A

the bony site of attachment that is stationary during movement

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9
Q

insertion

A

the insertion of a muscle is the bony site of attachment that is moved by muscle contraction

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10
Q

action

A

the action of a muscle is what effect is produced by the muscle contraction – for example the triceps are the primary extensor of the forearms

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11
Q

innervation

A

the peripheral nerve that supplies a muscle with the message from the brain

ex. innervation of the biceps brachii is the muscleocataneous nerve

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12
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

Action: eye closure
Innervation: facial nerve (CN IIV)

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13
Q

orbicularis oris

A

Action: mouth closure
Innervation: Facial Nerve (CN IIV)

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14
Q

Zygomaticus major/Minor

A

Action: Pull the lips upward
Innervation: Facial nerve (CN IIV)

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15
Q

Risorius

A

Action: Pull the corner of the mouth posteriorly (grin or grimace

Innervation: Facial nerve ( CN IIV)

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16
Q

Frontalis

A

Action: raise eyebrows
Innervation: Facial Nerve (CN IIV)

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17
Q

Buccinator

A

Action: compress cheeks
Innervation: Facial nerves (CN IIV)

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18
Q

Masseter

A

Action: Jaw Closure
Innervation: trigeminal nerve

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19
Q

Temporalis

A

Action: elevates mandible and closes jaw
Innervation: trigeminal nerve

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20
Q

lateral flexion

A

AKA side flexion- side bending of the neck which refers to moving one of the ears to the same side shoulder

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21
Q

Neck flexion

A

refers to moving the chin towards the sternum

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22
Q

bilaterally and unilaterally

A

there are several muscles that have differing actions

if acting together on both sides- bilaterally

acting on one side- unilaterally

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23
Q

Semispinalis capitis

A

Action: bilateral extend head
Unilateral -laterally flexes neck to the same side

Origin- articular process of inferior cervical process and transverse of superior thoracic vertebrae

Insertion: occipital bone

Innervation: Spinal nerves

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24
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Action: bilateral neck flexion
unilateral- turn face to opposite side

Origin: sternal end of clavicle and manubrium

Insertion: Mastoid region of the skull

Innervation: Accessory nerve

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25
Q

Splenius capitis

A

Action: bilateral extend head
unilateral -laterally flexes neck to the same side

Origin: spinous process/ ligaments of inferior cervical vertebrae

Insertion: mastoid process, occipital bone of skull

Innervation: cervical spinal nerves

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26
Q

Longissimus crevicis

A

Action: bilateral extend head
unilateral - laterally flexes neck to same side

Origin: Transverse processes of superior thoracic vertebrae

insertion: transverse process of middle and superior cervical vertebrae

Innervation: cervical and thoracic spinal nerves

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27
Q

Longissimus thoracis

A

Origin: Transverse processes of all thoracic and lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: Transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae

Action: bilateral extension of spine
unilateral lateral flexion of spine

Innervation: thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves

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28
Q

Thyrohyoid

A

Origin: thyroid cartilage of the pharynx

Insertion: Hyoid bone

Action: elevates thyroid, depresses hyoid bone

Innervation: hypoglossal nerve

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29
Q

Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)

A

Origin: Transverse processes
of C2-C7

Insertion: first and second ribs

Action: elevates ribs 1-2

Innervation: cervical spinal nerves

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30
Q

Flexion of spine

A

refers to forward bending of the trunk (Cat stretch)

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31
Q

Extension of spine

A

refers to backward bending

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32
Q

Spinal movement

A

flexion and extension as well as lateral flexion and rotation (movement around an axis)

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33
Q

Spinalis

A

medial column of erector spine

contains spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitits

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34
Q

Longissimus

A

Intermediate column of the erector spine -

contains three divisions - longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitits

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35
Q

Iliocostalis

A

lateral column of the erector spine

consists of three divisions - iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, illiocostalis cervicis

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36
Q

Rectus abdominus

A

Origin: Pubic crest, pubic symphysis

Insertion: cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process

Action: flexion of the spine, compression of abdominal viscera,

Innervation: spinal nerves (T7-T12

37
Q

External oblique

A

Origin: Sternum (ribs 5-12)

Insertion: linea alba, iliac crest

Action:
Bilaterally: flexion of spine, compress the abdomen
Unilaterally- flexes trunk to the same side, rotates to the opposite side

Innervation: lower intercostal, ilioinguinal nerves

38
Q

Internal Oblique

A

Origin: iliac crest, lumbodorsal fascia

Insertion: inferior ribs, linea alba

Action: Compresses abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes spine

Innervation: lower intercostal, ilioinguinal nerves

39
Q

Transverse abdominas

A

deep to internal oblique

Origin: lateral lingual ligament, inner iliac crest

Insertion: linea alba, pubis

Action: compression of abdomen

Innervation: first lumbar nerve ( T7-L1), iliohypogastric (T12-L1), ilioinguinal (T2-L1)

40
Q

Diaphragm

A

Origin: cartilage of ribs 7-12, xiploid process, lumbar vertebrae

Insertion: anterior longitudinal ligament (vertebral column)

Action: Expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominal cavity

Innervation: phrenic nerve (C3-5)

41
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

Origin: superior border of ribs 2-12

Insertion: inferior of ribs above ribs 1-11

Action: depresses ribs (forced exhalation)

Innervation: intercostal nerves

42
Q

External intercostals

A

Origin: lower border of ribs 1-11

Insertion: upper border of ribs below 2-12

Action: elevates ribs (normal inspiration)

Innervation: Intercostal nerves

43
Q

trapezius (upper, middle, lower)

A

Origin: Occipital lobe, spinous process

Insertion: lateral clavicle, acromion, and scapula spine of scapula

Action: rotation, retraction, elevation and depression of the scapula, extends neck and stabilizes shoulder

Innervation: Accessory nerve

44
Q

Levator Scapulae

A

Origin: Transverse process of C1-C4

Insertion: medial border of scapula

Action: elevates scapula

Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve

45
Q

Rhomboid (Major and Minor)

A

Origin: Spinous process (minor C7- T1, major T2-5)

Insertion: medial border of scapula

Action: retraction of scapula

Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve

46
Q

Pectoralis Minor

A

Origin: ribs 3-5

Insertion: coracoid process of scapula

Action: elevates ribs, draws scapula down and medially

Innervation: medial pectoral nerve

47
Q

Serratus Anterior

A

Origin: upper 8-9 ribs

Insertion: medial border of scapula

Action: protraction of scapula

Innervation: long thoracic nerve

48
Q

Deltoid (anterior, posterior, middle)

A

Origin: Clavicle and scapula

Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Action: abduction of shoulder (whole muscle)

Innervation: axillary nerve

49
Q

Pectoralis major

A

origin: ribs 2-6, body of the sternum

Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus

Action: flexion, adduction of medial rotation at shoulder

Innervation: pectoral nerves

50
Q

Supraspinatus

A

above spine of scapula

Origin: Supraspinatus fossa of scapula

Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

Action: abduction at the shoulder

Innervation: Subscapular nerve

51
Q

Infaspinatus

A

below spine of scapula

origin: infraspinatus fossa of scapula

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

action: lateral rotation of shoulder

innervation: subscapular nerve

52
Q

Teres Minor

A

Part of rotator cuff

Origin: lateral border of scapula

insertion: greater tubercle of humerus

Action: lateral rotation at shoulder

Innervation: axillary nerve

53
Q

Teres Major

A

Not part of rotator cuff

Origin: inferior angle of the scapula

Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus

Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at the shoulder

Innervation: lower subscapular nerve

54
Q

Subscapularis

A

along inner surface of scapula

Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula

Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus

Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at the shoulder

Innervation: subscapular nerves

55
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

Origin: Spinous process of inferior thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12

Insertion: intertubercular of humerus

Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder

Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve

56
Q

Coracobrachialis

A

Origin: Coracoid process of Scapula

Insertion: medial shaft of humerus

Action: adduction and flexion at shoulder

Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve

57
Q

involuntary controlled muscle

A

smooth and cardiac - smooth found in the internal organs such as digestive track and blood vessels and cardiac only found in the heart

58
Q

Striated muscle

A

found in cardiac and skeletal muscle -under microscope it appears to have stripes. Smooth muscle appears without stripes

59
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

makes up 40 percent of body weight and is attached to bones by tendons

60
Q

antagonistic pair

A

muscles must work in pairs because they are only able to pull - not push

They are only able to pull in the direction of their fiber orientation.

If one muscle of an antogonsitic pair bends the joint and brings the limb toward the body (flexor), the other one straightens the joint and extends the limb (extensor)

61
Q

Flexion/extension

A

closing the joint (flexion)/ opening of the joint (straightening)

Antagonistic pair example
flexor-biceps brachii
extensor - triceps brachii

62
Q

Abduction/Adduction

A

movement away from the midline (abduction)

Movement towards the midline (Adduction)

Antagonistic pair example
Abductor- TFL of hip
Adductor- adductor longus, adductor Magnus

63
Q

Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion

A

Dosiflexion- movement of toes up (flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint)
Plantarflexion -flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (Ankle) joint – movement of toes down

Antagonistic pair -
dorsiflexor- tibialis anterior
plantar flexor- gastrocnemius

64
Q

Pronation/supinaiton

A

pronation - rotation of arm so palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the foot so the sole faces laterally

supination- rotation of the wrist so the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the foot so the sole faces medially

Antagonistic pair-
pronator- pronator teres (of forearm)
supinator- biceps brachii (of forearm)

65
Q

Elevation/ Depression

A

Elevation: upward movement
Depression: downward movement of a structure

Antagonistic pairs:
Elevator: levator scapulae
Depressor: trapezius (lower fibers

66
Q

Retraction/Protraction

A

Retraction-movement in a posterior direction-drawn backward
Protraction: movement in the anterior direction
Antagonist pair example:
retractor-rhomboids, trapezius
protractor: serrates anterior

67
Q

muscle fibers

A

a whole skeletal muscle is composed of many muscle fiber bundles called myofibrils

68
Q

myofibrils

A

muscle fibers contain thousands of myofibrils which are the contractile portions of the fibers

These are cylinder shaped and run the length of the muscle fiber

The microscope shows myofibrils have light and dark bands called striations

69
Q

Light and dark bands

A

Myofibrils have light and dark bands under the microscope (striation) - these are formed by protein myofilaments with contractile units called sacromeres

70
Q

Sacromeres

A

contain two types of protein myofilaments - thick protein filaments called myosin and thin filaments made of a protein called actin

71
Q

Myosin and actin

A

when a muscle fiber contracts- the sacromeres within the myofibrils shorten – the actin (thin filaments) slide past the myosin (thick filaments) and approach one another

The movement of the actin filaments in relationship to the myosin filaments causes the muscle to shorten

72
Q

Z lines

A

one sarcomere goes from one z line to another z line

These connect parallel bands of thin filaments

73
Q

M bands

A

thick filaments in a sarcomere are held together by M bands

74
Q

I bands

A

light band - appears light when stained because it only contains thin filaments

75
Q

A bands

A

dark band - appear dark when stained because they contain thick and thin filaments – the thick bands are the reason it appears dark though

76
Q

What happens when a muscle contracts?

A

The Z line moves closer to the center of the sarcomere at the M line

Also, the nervous system must work together with the muscular system – a nerve impulse must be sent to the muscle

Once the nerve impulse reaches the fiber acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) is released from the motor nerve ending

77
Q

Acetylcholine

A

this neurotransmitter binds to receptors on muscle cells, opening sodium ion channels and allows the flow of sodium to flow inside the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of a muscle cell)

The presence of sodium ions causes an action potential to occur in the sacrolemma (cell membrane of a muscle cell)

78
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of a muscle cell

79
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of a muscle cell

80
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialized type of smooth ER found in striated muscle tissue-

The action potential causes calcium ions to be released in the sarcoplasmic reticulum

81
Q

cross bridges

A

in the presence of calcium ions, portions of the myofilaments called cross-bridges bend backward and attach to actin filaments

After attaching to the actin filaments the cross bridges bend forward and pull the actin filament is pulled along

These cross bridges attach and detach 50 -100 times as the thin filaments are pulled to the center of the sarcomere

ATP is needed for the myosin cross bridges to pull the actin filaments

82
Q

What it the result of a muscle contraction

A

the movement of many actin filaments together

83
Q

What causes a muscle contraction to cease

A

when nerve impulses no longer stimulate the muscle fiber – with the cessation of a muscle action potential, the calcium ions are pumped back into the Sacroplasmic reticulum by active transport – once the calcium ions return to the SER then the muscle fiber relaxes

84
Q

Biceps brachii

A

flexors

Origin: short-head - coracoid process long head- superglenoid tubercle od scapula

Insertion: tuberosity of radius

Action: flexion at elbow and shoulder -supination

85
Q

brachialis

A

Origin: anterior/distal surface of humerus

Insertion: tuberosity of ulna

Action: flexion at elbow

Innervation: músculocutaneous nerve and radial nerve

86
Q

Brachioradialis

A

Origin: lateral epicondyle of the radius

Insertion: lateral aspect of the styloid process of radius

Action: Flexion at elbow

Innervation: radial nerve

87
Q

Triceps

A

extensors

long head, lateral head, and medial head

Origin:
lateral head- superior, lateral margin of humerus
long head: margin of humerus
Insertion: lateral head-

88
Q
A

Anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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