Muscles Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Skeletal muscles
A
under conscious control - a person can decide to use these muscles to complete an action.
2
Q
peripheral nerves
A
carry the signal from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to a specific muscle destination to provide movement.
3
Q
motor actions
A
messages from the central nervous system to a muscle
4
Q
sensation or sensory input
A
nerves also carry information from the external environment to the central nervous system
5
Q
spinal nerves
A
combine to form complex networks of peripheral nerves throughout the body.
6
Q
tendons
A
connective tissue that connects muscle to bones
7
Q
ligaments
A
connective tissue that connects bone to bone
8
Q
origin
A
the bony site of attachment that is stationary during movement
9
Q
insertion
A
the insertion of a muscle is the bony site of attachment that is moved by muscle contraction
10
Q
action
A
the action of a muscle is what effect is produced by the muscle contraction – for example the triceps are the primary extensor of the forearms
11
Q
innervation
A
the peripheral nerve that supplies a muscle with the message from the brain
ex. innervation of the biceps brachii is the muscleocataneous nerve
12
Q
orbicularis oculi
A
Action: eye closure
Innervation: facial nerve (CN IIV)
13
Q
orbicularis oris
A
Action: mouth closure
Innervation: Facial Nerve (CN IIV)
14
Q
Zygomaticus major/Minor
A
Action: Pull the lips upward
Innervation: Facial nerve (CN IIV)
15
Q
Risorius
A
Action: Pull the corner of the mouth posteriorly (grin or grimace
Innervation: Facial nerve ( CN IIV)
16
Q
Frontalis
A
Action: raise eyebrows
Innervation: Facial Nerve (CN IIV)
17
Q
Buccinator
A
Action: compress cheeks
Innervation: Facial nerves (CN IIV)
18
Q
Masseter
A
Action: Jaw Closure
Innervation: trigeminal nerve
19
Q
Temporalis
A
Action: elevates mandible and closes jaw
Innervation: trigeminal nerve
20
Q
lateral flexion
A
AKA side flexion- side bending of the neck which refers to moving one of the ears to the same side shoulder
21
Q
Neck flexion
A
refers to moving the chin towards the sternum
22
Q
bilaterally and unilaterally
A
there are several muscles that have differing actions
if acting together on both sides- bilaterally
acting on one side- unilaterally
23
Q
Semispinalis capitis
A
Action: bilateral extend head
Unilateral -laterally flexes neck to the same side
Origin- articular process of inferior cervical process and transverse of superior thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: occipital bone
Innervation: Spinal nerves
24
Q
Sternocleidomastoid
A
Action: bilateral neck flexion
unilateral- turn face to opposite side
Origin: sternal end of clavicle and manubrium
Insertion: Mastoid region of the skull
Innervation: Accessory nerve
25
Splenius capitis
Action: bilateral extend head
unilateral -laterally flexes neck to the same side
Origin: spinous process/ ligaments of inferior cervical vertebrae
Insertion: mastoid process, occipital bone of skull
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
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Longissimus crevicis
Action: bilateral extend head
unilateral - laterally flexes neck to same side
Origin: Transverse processes of superior thoracic vertebrae
insertion: transverse process of middle and superior cervical vertebrae
Innervation: cervical and thoracic spinal nerves
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Longissimus thoracis
Origin: Transverse processes of all thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: Transverse processes of all thoracic vertebrae
Action: bilateral extension of spine
unilateral lateral flexion of spine
Innervation: thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves
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Thyrohyoid
Origin: thyroid cartilage of the pharynx
Insertion: Hyoid bone
Action: elevates thyroid, depresses hyoid bone
Innervation: hypoglossal nerve
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Scalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)
Origin: Transverse processes
of C2-C7
Insertion: first and second ribs
Action: elevates ribs 1-2
Innervation: cervical spinal nerves
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Flexion of spine
refers to forward bending of the trunk (Cat stretch)
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Extension of spine
refers to backward bending
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Spinal movement
flexion and extension as well as lateral flexion and rotation (movement around an axis)
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Spinalis
medial column of erector spine
contains spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitits
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Longissimus
Intermediate column of the erector spine -
contains three divisions - longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitits
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Iliocostalis
lateral column of the erector spine
consists of three divisions - iliocostalis lumborum, iliocostalis thoracis, illiocostalis cervicis
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Rectus abdominus
Origin: Pubic crest, pubic symphysis
Insertion: cartilages of ribs 5-7, xiphoid process
Action: flexion of the spine, compression of abdominal viscera,
Innervation: spinal nerves (T7-T12
37
External oblique
Origin: Sternum (ribs 5-12)
Insertion: linea alba, iliac crest
Action:
Bilaterally: flexion of spine, compress the abdomen
Unilaterally- flexes trunk to the same side, rotates to the opposite side
Innervation: lower intercostal, ilioinguinal nerves
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Internal Oblique
Origin: iliac crest, lumbodorsal fascia
Insertion: inferior ribs, linea alba
Action: Compresses abdomen, depresses ribs, flexes spine
Innervation: lower intercostal, ilioinguinal nerves
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Transverse abdominas
deep to internal oblique
Origin: lateral lingual ligament, inner iliac crest
Insertion: linea alba, pubis
Action: compression of abdomen
Innervation: first lumbar nerve ( T7-L1), iliohypogastric (T12-L1), ilioinguinal (T2-L1)
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Diaphragm
Origin: cartilage of ribs 7-12, xiploid process, lumbar vertebrae
Insertion: anterior longitudinal ligament (vertebral column)
Action: Expands thoracic cavity, compresses abdominal cavity
Innervation: phrenic nerve (C3-5)
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Internal Intercostals
Origin: superior border of ribs 2-12
Insertion: inferior of ribs above ribs 1-11
Action: depresses ribs (forced exhalation)
Innervation: intercostal nerves
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External intercostals
Origin: lower border of ribs 1-11
Insertion: upper border of ribs below 2-12
Action: elevates ribs (normal inspiration)
Innervation: Intercostal nerves
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trapezius (upper, middle, lower)
Origin: Occipital lobe, spinous process
Insertion: lateral clavicle, acromion, and scapula spine of scapula
Action: rotation, retraction, elevation and depression of the scapula, extends neck and stabilizes shoulder
Innervation: Accessory nerve
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Levator Scapulae
Origin: Transverse process of C1-C4
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: elevates scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
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Rhomboid (Major and Minor)
Origin: Spinous process (minor C7- T1, major T2-5)
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: retraction of scapula
Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
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Pectoralis Minor
Origin: ribs 3-5
Insertion: coracoid process of scapula
Action: elevates ribs, draws scapula down and medially
Innervation: medial pectoral nerve
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Serratus Anterior
Origin: upper 8-9 ribs
Insertion: medial border of scapula
Action: protraction of scapula
Innervation: long thoracic nerve
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Deltoid (anterior, posterior, middle)
Origin: Clavicle and scapula
Insertion: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Action: abduction of shoulder (whole muscle)
Innervation: axillary nerve
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Pectoralis major
origin: ribs 2-6, body of the sternum
Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: flexion, adduction of medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: pectoral nerves
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Supraspinatus
above spine of scapula
Origin: Supraspinatus fossa of scapula
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: abduction at the shoulder
Innervation: Subscapular nerve
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Infaspinatus
below spine of scapula
origin: infraspinatus fossa of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
action: lateral rotation of shoulder
innervation: subscapular nerve
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Teres Minor
Part of rotator cuff
Origin: lateral border of scapula
insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: lateral rotation at shoulder
Innervation: axillary nerve
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Teres Major
Not part of rotator cuff
Origin: inferior angle of the scapula
Insertion: intertubercular groove of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at the shoulder
Innervation: lower subscapular nerve
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Subscapularis
along inner surface of scapula
Origin: subscapular fossa of scapula
Insertion: lesser tubercle of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at the shoulder
Innervation: subscapular nerves
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Latissimus Dorsi
Origin: Spinous process of inferior thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, ribs 8-12
Insertion: intertubercular of humerus
Action: extension, adduction, and medial rotation at shoulder
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
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Coracobrachialis
Origin: Coracoid process of Scapula
Insertion: medial shaft of humerus
Action: adduction and flexion at shoulder
Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
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involuntary controlled muscle
smooth and cardiac - smooth found in the internal organs such as digestive track and blood vessels and cardiac only found in the heart
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Striated muscle
found in cardiac and skeletal muscle -under microscope it appears to have stripes. Smooth muscle appears without stripes
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Skeletal muscle
makes up 40 percent of body weight and is attached to bones by tendons
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antagonistic pair
muscles must work in pairs because they are only able to pull - not push
They are only able to pull in the direction of their fiber orientation.
If one muscle of an antogonsitic pair bends the joint and brings the limb toward the body (flexor), the other one straightens the joint and extends the limb (extensor)
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Flexion/extension
closing the joint (flexion)/ opening of the joint (straightening)
Antagonistic pair example
flexor-biceps brachii
extensor - triceps brachii
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Abduction/Adduction
movement away from the midline (abduction)
Movement towards the midline (Adduction)
Antagonistic pair example
Abductor- TFL of hip
Adductor- adductor longus, adductor Magnus
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Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
Dosiflexion- movement of toes up (flexion superiorly occurring at the subtalar (ankle) joint)
Plantarflexion -flexion inferiorly occurring at the subtalar (Ankle) joint -- movement of toes down
Antagonistic pair -
dorsiflexor- tibialis anterior
plantar flexor- gastrocnemius
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Pronation/supinaiton
pronation - rotation of arm so palm faces posteriorly or rotation of the foot so the sole faces laterally
supination- rotation of the wrist so the palm faces anteriorly or rotation of the foot so the sole faces medially
Antagonistic pair-
pronator- pronator teres (of forearm)
supinator- biceps brachii (of forearm)
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Elevation/ Depression
Elevation: upward movement
Depression: downward movement of a structure
Antagonistic pairs:
Elevator: levator scapulae
Depressor: trapezius (lower fibers
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Retraction/Protraction
Retraction-movement in a posterior direction-drawn backward
Protraction: movement in the anterior direction
Antagonist pair example:
retractor-rhomboids, trapezius
protractor: serrates anterior
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muscle fibers
a whole skeletal muscle is composed of many muscle fiber bundles called myofibrils
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myofibrils
muscle fibers contain thousands of myofibrils which are the contractile portions of the fibers
These are cylinder shaped and run the length of the muscle fiber
The microscope shows myofibrils have light and dark bands called striations
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Light and dark bands
Myofibrils have light and dark bands under the microscope (striation) - these are formed by protein myofilaments with contractile units called sacromeres
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Sacromeres
contain two types of protein myofilaments - thick protein filaments called myosin and thin filaments made of a protein called actin
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Myosin and actin
when a muscle fiber contracts- the sacromeres within the myofibrils shorten -- the actin (thin filaments) slide past the myosin (thick filaments) and approach one another
The movement of the actin filaments in relationship to the myosin filaments causes the muscle to shorten
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Z lines
one sarcomere goes from one z line to another z line
These connect parallel bands of thin filaments
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M bands
thick filaments in a sarcomere are held together by M bands
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I bands
light band - appears light when stained because it only contains thin filaments
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A bands
dark band - appear dark when stained because they contain thick and thin filaments -- the thick bands are the reason it appears dark though
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What happens when a muscle contracts?
The Z line moves closer to the center of the sarcomere at the M line
Also, the nervous system must work together with the muscular system -- a nerve impulse must be sent to the muscle
Once the nerve impulse reaches the fiber acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter) is released from the motor nerve ending
77
Acetylcholine
this neurotransmitter binds to receptors on muscle cells, opening sodium ion channels and allows the flow of sodium to flow inside the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm of a muscle cell)
The presence of sodium ions causes an action potential to occur in the sacrolemma (cell membrane of a muscle cell)
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sarcoplasm
cytoplasm of a muscle cell
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sarcolemma
cell membrane of a muscle cell
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sarcoplasmic reticulum
specialized type of smooth ER found in striated muscle tissue-
The action potential causes calcium ions to be released in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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cross bridges
in the presence of calcium ions, portions of the myofilaments called cross-bridges bend backward and attach to actin filaments
After attaching to the actin filaments the cross bridges bend forward and pull the actin filament is pulled along
These cross bridges attach and detach 50 -100 times as the thin filaments are pulled to the center of the sarcomere
ATP is needed for the myosin cross bridges to pull the actin filaments
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What it the result of a muscle contraction
the movement of many actin filaments together
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What causes a muscle contraction to cease
when nerve impulses no longer stimulate the muscle fiber -- with the cessation of a muscle action potential, the calcium ions are pumped back into the Sacroplasmic reticulum by active transport -- once the calcium ions return to the SER then the muscle fiber relaxes
84
Biceps brachii
flexors
Origin: short-head - coracoid process long head- superglenoid tubercle od scapula
Insertion: tuberosity of radius
Action: flexion at elbow and shoulder -supination
85
brachialis
Origin: anterior/distal surface of humerus
Insertion: tuberosity of ulna
Action: flexion at elbow
Innervation: músculocutaneous nerve and radial nerve
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Brachioradialis
Origin: lateral epicondyle of the radius
Insertion: lateral aspect of the styloid process of radius
Action: Flexion at elbow
Innervation: radial nerve
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Triceps
extensors
long head, lateral head, and medial head
Origin:
lateral head- superior, lateral margin of humerus
long head: margin of humerus
Insertion: lateral head-
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