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Anatomy and physiology > Skeletal system > Flashcards

Skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

Sinus

A

Hollow chamber in bone filled with air- lighten the weight of the skull and give a resonant sound of the voice

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2
Q

foreman, canal, fissure

A

openings in the bone that allow for nerves, blood supply, passageway

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3
Q

Process, ramus

A

elevations in bone

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4
Q

trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

A

processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment

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5
Q

Head, Neck, trochlea, condyle, facet

A

processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones

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6
Q

fossa, sulcus

A

depression in bone

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7
Q

Long bones

A

long, thin bones, designed to support body weight and enable movement - humerous, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, and metatarsals

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8
Q

Flat bones

A

form the roof of the skull to protect the brain

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9
Q

Short bones

A

small and cube shaped. carpals in the hand and Tarsals in the feet

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10
Q

Irregular bones

A

varied in shape with ridges or irregular surfaces –the vertebrae, and pelvic bones (ilium, pubis, and ischium)

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11
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

small and round reinforcing tendons (ex. patella)

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12
Q

axial skeleton

A

skull, vertebral column, sternum, laryngeal skeleton, and thoracic rib cage

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13
Q

Skull

A

22 bones (8 cranial and 14 facial)

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14
Q

Fontanells

A

Soft spots in a new born heads to allow for skull growth and birth - close around two months but up to 2 years

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15
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

connecting the anterior vertebral bodies

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16
Q

foreman magnum

A

The occipital bone contains a large opening through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem.

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17
Q

Mastoiditis

A

can lead to deafness - inflammation of the mastoid sinuses

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18
Q

sinusitis

A

occurs when the soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed from virus, bacteria, or allergy

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19
Q

carotid canal

A

opening in the temporal lobe to allow for the internal carotid artery

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20
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

for transmission of sound - also located in the temporal bone

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21
Q

mandible

A

lower jaw, and only movable portion of the skull

Also the mandible and vomer are the only non-paired bones of the facial skeleton

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22
Q

zygomatic bones

A

give our cheeks prominence

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23
Q

pectoral girdle

A

also know as shoulder girdle -composed of two clavicles bones and two scalplae

The scapula is freely movable and only held together by muscles

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24
Q

dislocation

A

means the bone is removed from the socket. A dislocated shoulder Is when the humerous is removed from the glenoid cavity.

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25
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

connecting the posterior vertebral bodies

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26
Q

interspinous ligaments

A

connects the spinous process of two adjacent vertebrae

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27
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

connects the posterior portion of the spinous process

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28
Q

intervertebral discs

A

act as padding in-between the vertebrae

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29
Q

menisci

A

crescent shaped cartilage that give added stability for the femur to articulate with the tibia.

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30
Q

bursae

A

13 fluid filled sacs in the knee joint that ease friction between tendons, ligaments, and bones

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31
Q

ligaments

A

composed of fibrous connective tissue

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32
Q

Fibrous joints

A

immovable (such as the ones between the cranial bones

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33
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

slightly movable ( such as between the vertebrae)

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34
Q

synovial joints

A

freely movable

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35
Q

joint capsule

A

ligaments hold bones in to place by forming a joint capsule- the capsule is lined with synovial fluid a lubricant for the joints

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36
Q

Long bones

A

Humerus, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, metatarsals, ulna, and radius. Long and thin- designed to support body weight and enable movement.

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37
Q

Flat bones

A

Cranium bones -form the roof of the skull and protect the brain - these make red blood cells

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38
Q

Short bones

A

small and cubed shaped -found in the carpals and tarsals

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39
Q

Irregular bones

A

varied in structure and with ridges and irregular surfaces - the vertebrae are irregular bones designed to protect the spinal cord and for movement. The pelvic bones-the ilium, ischium, and pubis are also irregular.

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40
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

small and round, reinforcing tendons - the patella is a sesamoid bone

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41
Q

zygomatic bones

A

give our cheekbones prominence

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42
Q

The only non paired bones in the skull

A

mandible and vomer (the mid-nose bone)

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43
Q

palatine bones

A

make up the posterior portion of the hard palate and floor of the nasal cavity

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44
Q

lacrimal bone

A

each thin, scale like, lacrimal bone lies between an ethmoid bone and maxillary bone

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45
Q

vomer

A

thin, flat vomer joins the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone with the nasal bone to form the nasal septum.

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46
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A

bones located inferiorly to the middle conchae

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47
Q

middle and superior nasal conchae

A

are formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bones - these swirl incoming air and warm and humidify it.

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48
Q

spinous processes

A

can be palpitated from the dorsal side as bony projections along the midline of the neck and back

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49
Q

articular facets

A

allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other– the spinal cord is protected in the center of the vertebrae and spinal nerves exit between the vertebrae

50
Q

temporal lobe

A

has an opening that leads to the middle ear

51
Q

sphenoid bone

A

completes the sides of the skull and contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets

52
Q

ethmoid bone

A

in front of the sphenoid bone is part of the orbital wall and in addition part of the nasal septum.

53
Q

Which bones lie largely inside the skull?

A

the sphenoid (butterfly shaped on the inside) and ethmoid bone

54
Q

foramina

A

located in the skull that serve many purposes such as passage for blood vessels, nerves, and spinal cord

55
Q

foramen magnum

A

allows for passage of the spinal cord into the skull

56
Q

carotid canal

A

an opening in the temporal lobe for the carotid artery

57
Q

thoracic foramina

A

transverse processes have transverse foramina that allow for the passage of vertebral arteries and vertebral veins

58
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

These have the largest vertebral foramen of the vertebrae. Have a spinous bifid spinous process and have transverse processes that have transverse foramina to allow for the passage of vertebral arteries and veins

59
Q

Thoracic vertabrae

A

Have a medium sized vertebral body and contain facets (transverse costal facets, and superior costal facets) – T11 and T12

60
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

has a broader, shorter spinous process that points posteriorly. The vertebral bodies are the largest, enabling support of the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs

61
Q
A
62
Q

sacrum

A

contains 5 fused bones at the base of the spine - provides attachment sites for ligaments and tendons

63
Q

coccyx

A

contains 4 or 5 fused bones which begin to fuse by age 25. Provides attachment sites for ligaments and tendons

64
Q

ribs

A

12 ribs on each side. All ribs are attached directly to the thoracic vertebrae. Ribs 1-7 connect directly to the sternum. 8-10 connect indirectly to the sternum via shafts of cartilage to the sternum. 11-12 are floating ribs that because they do not attach to the sternum

65
Q

Sternum

A

Three parts (shaped like a neck tie)
Manubrium (“top knot part”)
Body
Xiphoid process

66
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

Contains the pectoral and pelvic girdle and the limbs that attach to it

67
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Pectoral girdle (shoulder) girdle and upper limbs are specialized for increased range of motion and flexibility- provides very little stability

Has 2 clavicles, and 2 scapulae

Each clavicle connects with the sternum anteriorly and the scapula posteriorly

The scapula is freely movable and held into place only by muscles and ligaments – this allows for many movements of the arm

68
Q

Pelvic Girdle

A

Pelvis and lower limbs are designed for strength

69
Q

acromion process

A

connects the clavicle anteriorly (

70
Q

Glenoid cavity

A

Where the humorous articulates with the scapula

the neck contains the glenoid cavity

71
Q

coracoid process

A

projects anteriorly from the scapula allowing for muscular attachments

72
Q

Humerus

A

Consists of the head, neck, shaft, capitulum, trochlea

73
Q

capitulum

A

articulates with a small portion of the radius

74
Q

trochlea

A

articulates with the ulna

75
Q

medial and lateral epicondyle

A

Can be palpated on the medial and lateral sides of the elbow

76
Q

olecranon process

A

prominent bone on the ulna that can be palpated on the elbow posteriorly.

the distal end of the humerus meets the ulna and radius at the elbow

77
Q

Radius and Ulna postion

A

When in anatomical position with palms facing anteriorly, the ulna and radius are almost parallel. When the arm is turned so the palms are facing the body the ulna and radius twist - this allows for the twisting motion of the forearm

78
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

membrane in-between the ulna and radius

79
Q

Carpals (8 bones) Acronym

A

Sally left the party to take Charlie Home

Lateral to medial

proximal row
Scaphoid, Lunate, triquetral, pisiform

distal row
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

80
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

consists of two, heavy coxal bones called ossa coxae

the coal bones are symmetrical and formed by three bones fused together, the ilium, ischium (sits bones) , and pubis

81
Q

acetabulum

A

where the femur articulates with the pelvic girdle called the hip joint

82
Q

medial malleolus

A

of the tibia on the medial side of the ankle

83
Q

lateral malleolus

A

on the lateral side of the fibula

84
Q

medullary cavity

A

a cavity in the center of bones filled with bone marrow

extends throughout the diaphysis or center length of the bone

85
Q

yellow bone marrow

A

fat storage tissue found primarily in long bones

86
Q

red bone marrow

A

primarily in short and flat bones for producing red blood cells

** newborns have all red bone marrow and over time it turns to yellow bone marrow in the long bones

87
Q

spongy bone

A

surrounds the diaphysis -and is thickest at the end of bones

contains numerous bars and plates separated by irregular spaces

lighter than compact bone but still designed for strength

88
Q

compact bone

A

contains many osteons in which osteocytes (bone cells) in tiny chambers called lacunae are arranged in concentric circles around center canals

the center canals contain blood vessels and nerves

blood vessels bring in nutrients that allow the bone to renew itself

89
Q

Lacunae

A

tiny chambers that are separated by a matrix the contain collagen fibers, protein fibers, and mineral fibers made of phosphorus salts and calcium

90
Q

osteoclasts

A

break down bone, remove worn cells, and deposit calcium in the bone

91
Q

osteoblasts

A

repair the destruction caused by osteoclasts. As they form new bone, osteoblasts take calcium from the blood.

Eventually they caught in a matrix they secrete and mature into osteocytes - the cells found inside the lacunae of osteons

**physical use as well as hormone imbalances can effect the thickness of bones

92
Q

ossification

A

when cartilage is converted into bones - in early prenatal development, the bones are cartilage and begin ossification when calcium salts are deposited into the matrix

93
Q

endochondrial ossification

A

the ossification of bone from hyaline cartilage. Once cartilage begins to die, blood vessels start to penetrate the bone and deliver osteoblasts

94
Q

growth plate

A

a cartilaginous disk remains in primary ossification center of developing bones which can increase in length– during puberty the discs become completely ossified and bones stop growing

95
Q

intermembranous ossification

A

formation of flat bones from connective tissue

begin with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts at specific points of connective tissue

96
Q

closed (simple) fractures

A

bone breaks but remains in the skin

97
Q

open (compound) fractures

A

occur when the bone breaks and part of the bone shaft breaks the skin

98
Q

Greenstick fracture

A

occurs when the bone bend and breaks but not all the way across

99
Q

comminuted fracture

A

when the bone is broken in more then two segments – typically require surgery to repair

100
Q

impacted fracture

A

when one end of a Broken shaft is pushed inside the other part of the bone

101
Q

rheumatoid artritis

A

the synovial membrane becomes inflamed and thickens – autoimmune disease

degenerative changes make the joint almost immovable –and painful to use

102
Q

Old age or osteoarthritis

A

the articular cartilage at the end of bones begin to disintegrate – the two bones become rough and irregular making them painful to move

effect the joints that got the most use over long periods of time

103
Q

osteoporosis

A

a bone tissue disease where the bone tissue disinegrates faster than it is replaced

brittle bones cause pain and break easily

104
Q

hinge joints

A

knee and elbow -permit movement in one direction

105
Q

ball and socket joint

A

allow movement in all planes and even allow rotational movement - hip and shoulder joint

106
Q

saddle joint

A

the thumb is a saddle joint that allows it to cross over the palm

107
Q

pivot joint

A

allows for rotational movement of the cervical vertebrae C1 and C2

108
Q

what bone forms anterior portion the hard palate

A

the maxilla

109
Q

what is the purpose of costal facets on the thoracic vertebrae

A

They allow for articulation with the ribs

110
Q

the line along the midline of the sacrum is called what

A

median sacral crest

111
Q

the capitulum articulates with a small portion of the

A

radius

112
Q

what is the prominent bone that can be palpated in the elbow posteriorly

A

ulna

113
Q

what structure connects the ulna and the radius

A

interosseous membrane

114
Q

The patella

A

Sits anteriorly to the femur, formed within the quadriceps femoris tendon

115
Q

bones are storage areas for what?

A

inorganic calcium and phosphorus salts

116
Q

What are some differences in the male and female pelvis

A

The public brim and arch are wider in females. In males it is more round and the pubic arch is narrower. In Females it is more oval

117
Q

ossifcation of bones

A

When cartilage is converted to bones-calcium salts are deposited in the matrix, first by precursor cartilaginous cells, and later by osteoblasts

118
Q

endochondrial ossification

A

the ossification of long bones from hyaline cartilage - begins at primary ossification center in middle of the bone. Once the cartilage begins to die -blood vessels penatrate to deliver osteoblasts and medullary cavity is formed.

119
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

formation of flat bones from connective tissue. Begins with mesenchymal cells differentiating into osteoblasts - then they secrete bone tissue. Once enough bone tissue is secreted they turn into osteocytes

120
Q

Most joints are ___

A

freely movable synovial joints

Anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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