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Anatomy and physiology > Nervous system Part 2 > Flashcards

Nervous system Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four main divisions of the brain?

A

the cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon

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2
Q

What are the protective structures of the brain and why is it important to have those protections?

A

Meneges, cerebrospinal fluid, the skull, and blood brain barrier.

Nervous tissue is damaged by even the slightest pressure, and can not regenerate once damaged.

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3
Q

Ventricles

A

The brain has 4 ventricles

These are cavities in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

Two lateral ventricles, third and fourth ventricle

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4
Q

Where does the 4th ventricle drain?

A

into the central canal of the spinal cord, which also has cerebrospinal fluid.

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5
Q

meninges

A

Three layers of connective tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS organs and enclose the cerebrospinal fluid.

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6
Q

Three layers of the meninges

A

Dura mater (outer menix)

arachnoid (middle menix)

pia mater (inner menix)

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7
Q

Dura mater

A

leathery double-layer outer menix

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8
Q

arachnoid menix

A

a loose layer seperated from the dura mater by the subdural space (middle menix)

**beneath the arachnoid menix is the subarachnoid space.

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9
Q

subarachnoid space

A

beneath the arachnid menix

contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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10
Q

Pia mater

A

inner menix - thin connective tissue tissue tightly attached to the brain.

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11
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

a special fluid formed in the walls of ventricles from blood plasma by permeating the choroid plexus

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12
Q

choroid plexus

A

formed by a network of blood vessels and within the ventricles

CSF that is made in the walls of the ventricals by blood plasma permeates the choroid plexus

CSF circulates through the ventricles and into the mengines.

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13
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

circulates through the ventricles into the meninges

cushions the brain and spinal cord by providing buoyancy allowing the brain to float

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14
Q

Blood brain barrier

A

a diffusion barrier that prevents most particles from entering the system tissue

this keeps the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation

formed by glial cells- astrocytes

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15
Q

astrocytes

A

glial cell

blood brain barrier is formed by relatively impermeable brain capillaries, due to astrocytes

this barrier provides a stable chemical environment for the neurons

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16
Q

why is a stable chemical environment important in the brain?

A

to protect neurons from chemical variations that could cause uncontrollable firing of neurons

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17
Q

cerebrum

A

foremost part of brain

largest part of brain -83% of brain mass

contains 2 large masses - left and right cerebral hemispheres

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18
Q

median longitudinal fissure

A

separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres

The right cerebral hemisphere controls the left side of the body and the right cerebral hemisphere control the left side of the body

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19
Q

gyri

A

the cerebral cortex has raised ridges of tissue called gyri (like mountains)

sulci separate the gyri -these are shallow grooves (valley in between the mountain)

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20
Q

transverse fissure

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

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21
Q

corpus callosum

A

a bridge of white nerve fibers called corpus callosum that connects the cerebral hemispheres

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22
Q

cerebral cortex

A

outer portion of cerebral hemispheres that is highly convoluted and gray in color

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23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

controls higher levels of executive functions such as reasoning and decision making

controls motor function

permits control over voluntary muscle actions

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24
Q

parietal lobe

A

receives sensory information from receptors in the mouth for taste and located in the skin, such as those for touch, pressure, pain

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25
Q

occipital lobe

A

interprets visual imput

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26
Q

temporal lobe

A

has sensory areas for hearing and smelling

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27
Q

Primary areas of cerebral cortex

A

in each lobe receive or send information for one type of sensory or motor information

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28
Q

association areas of cerebral cortex

A

mainly work to integrate more than one type of sensory information for purposeful action- ex. primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe

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29
Q

primary motor cortex

A

controls voluntary motor movements for all parts of the body

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30
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

receives all direct sensory imput from the body

also called post central gyrus or somatosensory cortex

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31
Q

What do all four lobes have?

A

association areas which receives information from other lobes and integrates it to higher, more complex levels of consciousness

ex. artist abilities, learning, memory intellect

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32
Q

Broca’s area

A

located in the frontal lobe and is responsible for speech production

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33
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in the temporal lobe and is responsible for speech comprehension

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34
Q

consciousness

A

the cerebrum is responsible for consciousness - a state of being aware and awake to a person’s surroundings

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35
Q

Cerebrum

A

portion of the brain that governs higher thinking, intelligence, reasoning

controls activités of lower parts of the brain including the brain stem, diencephalon, limbic system and cerebellum

can override the functioning of lower parts of the brain (ex. when a person uses meditation to reduce a high heart rate.

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36
Q

how does the cerebrum initiate voluntary control?

A

by acting on sensory input via the thalamus

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37
Q

brainstem

A

the medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons are in the midbrain

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38
Q

medulla oblongata

A

lies between the spinal cord and pons and anterior to the cerebellum.

contains vital centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing and vasoconstriction(blood pressure)

also has a reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccuping and swallowing

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39
Q

vasoconstriction

A

constriction of the blood vessels involved in regulation of blood pressure

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40
Q

Tracts in the medulla

A

the medulla has tracts that descend or ascend between the spinal cord and brain’s higher centers

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41
Q

The pons

A

contains bundles of axons traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

The pons functions with the medulla to regulate breathing rate

has reflexes that deal with head movement in response to visual and auditory stimuli

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42
Q

midbrain

A

acts as a relay station for tracts passing between the cerebrum and spinal cord or cerebellum

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43
Q

what reflexes does the midbrain have?

A

reflex centers for higher level reflexes for involving visual, auditory, and tactile responses

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44
Q

superior and inferior colliculi

A

located in the posterior region of the midbrain - these regions control reflexes for the head and neck in response to sudden visual or auditory responses

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45
Q

spinal cord

A

extends from the brainstem to first lumbar vertebrae where it terminates at the conus medullaris

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46
Q

conus medullaris

A

where the spinal cord terminates

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47
Q

cauda equina

A

an extention of the cord beyond L1 that is a collection of nerve roots which ends at the coccyx

the spinal cord and the caudal equina are how all electrical impulses travel between the brain and the rest of the body

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48
Q

protection of the spinal cord

A

like the brain the spinal cord is protected by three things:

vertebrae, cerebrospinal fluid, and meninges - these are continuous from the brain

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49
Q

spinal dura mater

A

the spinal cord has a single layer of sheath called spinal dura mater that

it is separated from the the vertebral column by a cushioning fat- filled space called epidural space

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50
Q

epidural space

A

a fat filled space that separated the vertebral column from the spinal dura mater

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51
Q

filum terminale

A

an extension of Pia mater in the spinal cord that runs from the conus medullaris to the coccyx where it provides an anchor for the spinal cord

** the space between the middle arachnoid and inner pia is filled with CSF

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52
Q

spinal tap

A

the CSF filled subarachnoid space inferior to the end of the spinal cord at L1 is the location for a spinal tap - this a removal of CSF for testing/diagnostics

This region is chosen because there is less risk to damaging the spinal cord from the insertion of the long needle

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53
Q

two grooves of the spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure and shallower posterior median sulcus

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54
Q

central canal

A

the opening in the spinal cord that runs the entire length and is filled with CSF

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55
Q

white matter

A

is composed of myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers organized into regions called columns

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56
Q

tract

A

a bundle of axon in the CNS

ALL the tracts cross over to the opposite side in the spinal cord - this makes the left brain control the right side and the right side to control the left

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57
Q

ascending tracts

A

the white matter fibers of the spinal cord are mostly composed of ascending tracts

these proceed up to the brain to carrying sensory input

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58
Q

descending tracts

A

proceed down or within the cord carrying motor outputs with a few commissural tracts across the cord (these allow for communication between the right and left sides)

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59
Q

dorsal root

A

of the spinal cord carries incoming afferent/sensory neurons

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60
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

contains the cell bodies of the afferent neurons from the dorsal root

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61
Q

ventral root

A

contains the axons of motor neurons

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62
Q

spinal nerve

A

the dorsal and ventral roots on each side of the spinal cord come together to form a spinal nerve

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63
Q

gray matter

A

of the cord is composed of a mixture of cell bodies of neurons

the grey matter is organized into regions called horns

there are two posterior dorsal horns and two anterior ventral horns

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64
Q

gray commissure

A

the small anterior horns are connected by a cross bar called the gray commissure

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65
Q

anterior ventral horns

A

contain somatic motor neurons whose axons serve as efferent pathways to skeletal muscles by way of the ventral roots of the spinal cord

SOMATIC motor neurons

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66
Q

posterior (dorsal) horns

A

serve as one of the afferent pathways from receptors by way of the dorsal roots of the spinal cord

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67
Q

lateral horns

A

of the gray matter are primarily located at the thoracic level of the spinal cord

these contain automatic sympathetic motor neurons whose axons serve as an efferent pathways to visceral organs

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68
Q

Where do the efferent pathways exit

A

the ventral roots of the spinal cord along with those of the somatic motor neurons

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69
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

lies outside the CNS

made up of nerves that are apart of the somatic or automatic system

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70
Q

somatic nervous system

A

somatic system contains nerves that control the skeletal muscles, skin, and joints

includes all the nerves the serve the muscular skeletal system and exterior sense organs, including the skin

exterior sense organs, including ones embedded in the skin, are receptors

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71
Q

receptors

A

receive environment stimuli and then initiate nerve impulses towards the CNS

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72
Q

Effectors

A

muscle fibers and glands are effectors which bring about a reaction to the stimulus in the PNS

73
Q

automatic systems

A

contains nerves that control the smooth muscles of the internal organs and glands

74
Q

viceral motor

A

the nerves in the automatic system are called visceral motor when they control smooth muscle or involuntary functions

75
Q

Crainal nerves

A

Humans have 12 pairs of cranial nerves that are attached to the brain

these are either sensorry nerves (having long dendrites of sensory neurons only) or motor nerves ( having long axons of motor neurons only) or mixed (having long dendrites and long axons)

76
Q

How are cranial nerves abbreviated and where are they located?

A

CN followed by a number that corresponds to their location in relation to their position on the brainstem.

All CN nerves are located in the head, neck, and face EXCEPT the Vagus nerve

77
Q

Vagus nerve

A

controls internal organs - only CN not found in the head, neck, or face

78
Q

Special sensory nerves

A

carry information responsible for smell, sight, hearing, and balance

79
Q

olfactory

A

CN 1 in the brain
special sensory nerve responsible for smell

originates in olfactory epithelium and terminates in the olfactory bulbs

**Only CN that is attached to the cerebellum NOT brainstem

80
Q

Optic

A

CN II in the brain

special sensory nerve responsible for the sense of sight

originates in the retina of the eye and cross at the optic chiasm and synapse in the thalamus

neurons then connect to send information to the visual cortex of the occipital lobe

81
Q

Oculomotor

A

CNIII in the brain

motor nerve responsible for eye movement in both somatic and visceral systems

somatic motor movement controls the superior, inferior and medial rectus (inferior oblique muscles of the eye)

visceral motor division controls the dialation of the pupil.

82
Q

Dialtion of pupil

A

changes the amount of light in the eye

83
Q

Trochlear nerve

A

CN IV in the brain

somatic motor nerve also responsible for eye movement

trochlear nerve innervates the superior oblique muscle

84
Q

trigeminal nerve

A

CN V in the brain

mixed motor and sensory nerve

responsible for chewing (mastication) and sensation of the face, nose and mouth

85
Q

Three branches of trigeminal nerve

A

ophthalmic branch

maxillary branch

mandibular branch

86
Q

opthamalic brach

A

entirely sensory

receives info from the skin around the forehead to eyebrows and upper part of the nose

87
Q

maxillary branch

A

sensory only

receives info from the lower eyelids, upper lips, upper gums, and even part of the pharynx

88
Q

mandibular branch

A

mixed sensory and motor

receives information from the lower gums, lower lips, and teeth.

receives sensory information from the tongue for heat, cold and pressure. NOT taste

the motor branch here controls mastication of food

89
Q

abducens

A

CN VI inside the brain

motor neuron responsible for eye movement and innervating the lateral rectus muscles - contracting this muscle makes the eye move outward

90
Q

facial nerve

A

CN VII in the brain

mixed motor and sensory nerve

responsible for facial expressions

also responsible for sensation of tongue and taste on the anterior portion of the tongue

visceral motor functions of controlling tear glands and nasal mucus glands

91
Q

vestubulocochlear nerve

A

CN VIII in the brain

special sensory nerve responsible for hearing and balance.

travels through a hole in the temporal lobe called internal acoustic meatus

vestibular branch for balance and equallibrium

cochlear branch for sense of hearing

92
Q

glossopharyngeal nerve

A

CN IX (9) in the brain

mixed sensory and motor nerve

motor portion for swallowing muscles

sensory portion for taste on the posterior portion of the tongue

also contains visceral motor neurons that control parotid salivary glands

93
Q

vagus nerve

A

CN X

mixed sensory and motor nerve which spreads widely in the abdomen

responsible for digestion, regulation of the heart rate, and sensation of the digestive tract

94
Q

accessory nerve

A

CN XI

motor nerve responsible for the control of muscles involved in rotation of the head and movement of the upper shoulders

nerve that allows us to shrug our shoulders

95
Q

hypoglossal nerve

A

CN XII

a motor nerve responsible for voluntary tongue movements

96
Q

brachial plexus

A

nerves for the upper extremities branch off the brachial plexus from combinations of the ventral rami of nerves C5-T1

The ventral rami of C5-T1 form the roots of the brachial plexus

97
Q

Roots of brachial plexus

A

the roots from the brachial plexus form 3 trunks - superior middle, inferior

then they divide further into anterior and posterior divisions

then those divisions divide into three CORDS- lateral, posterior, and middle

98
Q

Where do the cords of the brachial plexus terminate?

A

In 5 branches -

musculocanteous nerve
axillary nerve
median nerve
radial nerve
ulnar nerve

99
Q

What are the other nerves that come off the brachial plexus at different location and supply the entire upper extremity?

A

long thoracic nerve, subscapular nerve, pectoral nerve, thoracdorsal nerves distribute sensory and motor information to locations in the upper extremity and shoulder

100
Q

axillary nerve

A

supplies three muscles- deltoid (muscle of the shoulder), teres minor (muscle of rotator cuff), long head of triceps brachii (elbow extensor)

also carries sensory info from the shoulder joint

101
Q

radial nerve

A

supplies the triceps brachii muscle as well as 12 muscles in the forearm controlling wrist and finger extension.

carries sensory info from the associated joint and overlying skin

follows the posterior surface of the humerus, wraps around anterior surface of the elbow, then follows the radial bone in the forearm

102
Q

median nerve

A

supplies flexor muscles of the forearm and skin of the first 3 1/2 fingers

travels medially on the anterior surface of the elbow

103
Q

ulnar nerve

A

supplies part of the flexor muscles of the forearm, wrist and hand as well as the skin in half of the pinky and ring finger

travels posteriorly behind the the medial side of the elbow then travels the ulnar side of the forearm

104
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

responsible for flexor muscles of the arm including the biceps brachii and brachialis

travels along the radial side of the forearm

105
Q

lumbar plexus

A

nerves arrive from the ventral rami of T12-L4

has an anterior and posterior division with a branch into the nerves to supply the pelvis and lower extremities

106
Q

femoral nerve

A

the major nerve from the lumbar plexus

supplies the hip flexors and knee extensors as well as sensation to the skin from anterior thigh

107
Q

lateral femoris cutaneous nerve

A

supplies sensory info from the skin of the anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces of the thigh

108
Q

saphenous nerve

A

receives sensation from the medial surface of the leg

109
Q

sacral plexus

A

nerves that arrives from the rami L4-S4

sciatic nerve arises from the sacral plexus and is THE LARGEST NERVE in the body

supplies inferior trunk and and posterior surface of the thigh

110
Q

sciatic nerve

A

arises from the sacral plexus
largest nerve in the body

2 main branches - common fibular (peroneal nerve) of the lower leg and
Tibial nerve.

111
Q

automatic nervous system

A

part of the PNS

made of motor neurons that control the internal organs automatically usually without the need for conscious intervention

112
Q

what allows us to feel pain in our organs

A

sensory neurons that come from the internal organs

the cell bodies for these sensory neurons are in the dorsal root ganglion along with cell bodies from somatic sensory neurons

113
Q

preganglionic axon

A

a motor neuron cell body located in the spinal cord or brain

The axon synapses with a second motor neuron located in the autonomic ganglion outside the spinal cord

114
Q

postganglionic axon

A

after synapsing in an autonomic ganglion motor neuron synapses on an effector organ in the PNS

115
Q

sympathetic system

A

also called the thoracolumnbar division

important during emergency situations associated with fight or flight situations

muscles require a steady supply of blood, glucose, and oxygen for muscle contraction

bronchi are dilated, heartbeat and breathing rate are increased

causes liver to deliver more glucose

inhibits digestion tract - needs to take a back seat

norepinephrine is the main neurotransmitter released

116
Q

Sympathetic nervous system ganglia

A

sympathetic trunk ganglion, celiac ganglion, superiomesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion

117
Q

sympathetic trunk ganglion

A

aka lateral ganglion -located on both sides of the spinal cord

contain ganglion for the sympathetic nervous system that control the effector organs in the trunk, head, and limbs

118
Q

celiac ganglion

A

largest of the ganglia - these innervate the digestive tract

119
Q

superiomesenteric ganglia

A

innervates the small intestine and part of the large intestine

120
Q

inferior mesenteric ganglion

A

innervate the large intestine, kidneys, bladder, and sex organs

121
Q

parasympathetic system

A

aka Crainsacral division

has more specific targets than the sympathetic division

“housekeeper division” because it promotes all internal responses associated with a relaxed state

This system causes the pupil of the eye to constrict and focus on nearby objects

promotes digestion through stimulation of smooth muscles in GI tract and secretion of digestive glands such as salivary glands

slows the heart rate down

acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter used by the parasympathetic system.

122
Q

Cholinergic

A

if a neuron release acetylcholine is called cholinergic

123
Q

parasympathetic nervous system contains these ganglia

A

ciliary ganglion
pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion
otic ganglion
Intramural ganglion

124
Q

ciliary ganglion

A

associated with CN III

target the intrinsic eye muscle which change the pupil and lens

125
Q

pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion

A

associated with CN VII

targets organs for tear production, nasal glands, salivary glands

126
Q

otic ganglion

A

associated with cranial nerve IX

target glands are parotid glands

127
Q

intramural ganglion

A

associated with CN X

target glands are the visceral organs within the thoracic cavity

128
Q

concussion

A

if the head is moving and is suddenly stopped as it hits an object brain damage can occur at the impact- as the brain recoils and hits the opposite side it can cause more widespread damage

129
Q

brain contusion

A

a more serious impact injury that leads to significant tissue damage

usually causes unconsciousness (coma) ranging from hour to a lifetime

130
Q

hemorhage

A

a rupture of a blood vessel that cause the blood to accumulate in the skull

131
Q

intracranial pressure

A

amount of pressure available in the skull

intracranial pressure increases when there is a hemorhage because increased volume the blood takes up and compresses the brain tissue.

If pressure continues it pushes the brainstem down the magnum foramen which damages the brainstem and its vital life sustaining functions like heart rate, respiration, blood pressure will be lost with fatal consequences

A hemorage is serious because of the limited space in the skull for the brain to swell

132
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

a disorder of the basal ganglia

apraxia - impaired motor planning -results in rigid movements and difficulty executing a motor plan

ataxia - impaired motor coordination -resulting from an injury to the cerebellum

133
Q

CVA (cerebrovascular accident)

A

Stroke -occurs when blood circulation to the brain is blocked

the tissue in that area dies due to lack of oxygen and nutrients to the brain

severity depends on which vessel is blocked -a larger artery will cause more damage than a smaller one

134
Q

Ischemic stoke

A

ischemic - due to a blockage from a clot by fat deposit blocking the cerebral artery

TIA -transient ischemic stroke when small clot temporarily blocks blood flow but then dissolves -the person no longer experiences stroke symptoms

135
Q

hemmorhagic stroke

A

occurs due to a brain bleed when a blood vessel in the brain ruptures

136
Q

Storke outcomes

A

A servere stroke often causes death

If a person survives they can have paralysis, cognitive deficits, speech problems, emotional difficulties and pain

Some people can recover at least some portions of their lost functions through physical and occupational therapy

Undamaged neurons in surrounding areas can sprout are branches and spread into the damaged areas and take over lost functioning -this is called NEUROPLASICITY

137
Q

Dementia

A

Alzheimer’s if a form of dementia which is a general term for all disorders with memory deficits

normally found in elderly and leads to mental decline and loss of control of bodily functions

alzheimers is from changes in the cerebral cortex

plaques form and entangle dendrites within the brain and prevent them from firing

lack of firing leads to death. as neurons die it causes more plaques and tangles in other neurons spreading the disease throughout all brain tissue

there is a shrinkage of the cerebral cortex gray matter and enlargement of ventricles

It begins with difficulty to remembering newly learned information, and then progresses to difficulty speaking, swallowing, and walking

This disease can cause mood and behavior issues and suspicion/paranoia of friends, caregivers, and family members

138
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

A

Lou Gherig’s disease

A rare neuromusular disease condition that involves progressive destruction of ventral horn motor neurons (motor neuron cell bodies)

as the disease progresses it causes paralysis - the person eventually loses the ability to speak, swallow, and eventually breath

139
Q

paralysis (loss of motor functions)

A

causedby localized damage to the spinal cord and nerve roots

damage to the ventral root or anterior horn cells results in paralysis of the of asscociated muscles becuase impulses can not reach the muscle

Over time muscles atrophy due to lack of stimulation from the neurons

140
Q

complete spinal cord injury

A

occurs if the spinal cord is completely severed at any level

total motor and sensory loss in regions below the site of damage, even if the spinal cord is intact below damaged site

141
Q

quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs
can occur if damage to the spinal cord in the cervical region

142
Q

carpal tunnel

A

compression of the median nerve

causes decreased sensation in the first three digits and half of the fourth

if a person has severe carpal tunnel and does not receive treatment than the muscles can atrophy and lead to decreased hand strength

143
Q

claw hand

A

ulnar claw

if the ulnar nerve is damaged - this results in the inability to open the fourth and 5th finger

caused by flexion at the IP joints and hyperextension of the MCP joints In digits 4-5

144
Q

sciatica

A

increased pressure on the sciatic nerve from surrounding muscles can result in pain followiing the sciatic nerve in the lower pelvis and posterior thigh

145
Q

all except this sense is channeled through the thalamus

A

Sense of smell

146
Q

what is the difference between primary and association areas

A

Primary areas in one area receive information for one type of sensory info. Association areas act to combine the different sensory information from the different areas for purposeful action

147
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for homeostasis?

A

The hypothalamus maintains body temperature, blood pressure, water balance, sleep, thirst, hunger

the hypothalamus also controls the pituitary gland

148
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs between the spinal cord and its extension cauda equina.

149
Q

What is the purpose of the spinal cord and how does it accomplish this

A

The spinal cord and its extension are how all nerve impulses are sent between the brain and the rest of the body - it does this with 31 pairs of spinal nerves

150
Q

What is gray matter composed of

A

multipolar neurons and supporting cells

151
Q

describe the function of white matter in the brain

A

The white matter is composed of acsending tracts that carry sensory information to the brain and descending tracts that carry motor information down the spinal cord

152
Q

what are the 5 types of human spinal nerves

A

8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs thoracic nerves
5 pairs of lumber nerves
4 pairs of sacral,
1 pair coccxygeal nerves

153
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal nerves

A

Each spinal nerve emerges from the spinal cord from two short roots -The dorsal root contains axons from sensory (afferent) neurons and conduct impulses towards the cord and the ventral root which contains axons from motor (efferent neurons) and conduct impulses away from the cord.

The two nerves come together before they leave the vertebral column.

154
Q

what is a dermatome

A

a region of skin that carries sensory information through a specific pair of spinal nerves in the spinal cord and to the brain

155
Q

Describe in detail what happens after the spinal nerves leaves the vertebral column

A

right after it exits the vertebral column, it divides into branches called dorsal ramus and ventral ramus

smaller dorsal ramus contains nerves that serve the dorsal portions of the trunk, including the skin and muscles of the back.

The larger ventral ramus contain nerves that serve the ventral part of the trunk as well as the upper and lower limbs.

156
Q

Epithalmus

A

pineal gland takes up most of this region

pineal glad responsible for making melatonin that makes us feel sleepy

regulates sleep and wake cycles

in diencephalon

157
Q

thalamus

A

roof of third ventricle

relay station for all sensory input except for smell

it takes in the information and decides what to do

158
Q

Cerebellum

A

“mini brain”

inner white matter outer gray matter

coordinates body movements -relays info to the cerebral motor cortex

**maintains balance, eye movements, and MUSCLE TONE
even at rest our muscles remain somewhat contracted for support

159
Q

Vermis

A

part of cerebellum coordinates motor actions of arms and legs

160
Q

Limbic system

A

has both conscious and unconscious control
its shapes connect all the lobes
contains cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammilary bodies

called the “feelings brain” stimulation of different areas can cause rage, pleasure sorrow pain

also weighs consequences and awards

161
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

helps connect different lobes of the cerebrum -allows all lobes to talk to each other

162
Q

hippocampus

A

in charge of memories-memories not stored here but instead acts like a relay center and decides where to store memories in the cerebrum and can pull memories

gathers all the information to put together a memory we are trying to recall from the different places they are stored in the cortex

163
Q

amygdala

A

responsible for rage and anger outbursts

164
Q

fornix

A

bundle of nerve fibers- connection to the hippocampus that help store and retrieve memories

165
Q

mammilary bodies

A

fibers that project into the thalamus -assist with memory of smell

this is why memories are so tightly associated with smell- mammilary bodies in the limbic system

166
Q

memory in the limbic system

A

short term- a few seconds (recall a phone number that was just read off and then forget)

long term- a few hours-to a lifetime
being able to study and memorize

167
Q

basal ganglia

A

responsible for coordination with the cerebellum for motor planning movements and learning

Also has an INHIBITORY response to the cerebral cortex - it slows it down to make precise and controlled movements when our brain wants to go go go

It makes a motor plan and then relays it to the cerebral cortex so it can execute the motor plan

Apraxia-difficulty with motor planning and executing plan - parkinson’ disease

168
Q

Basal nuclei (aka basal ganglia)

A

masses of gray matter than lie deep within each hemisphere of the cerebrum

part of the limbic system

it works with the cerebellum to regulate motor planning, movements and motor learning

169
Q

what are the parts of the basal ganglia

A

the putamen, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus (medial and lateral) -know how to label these

170
Q

cerebellar penduncles

A

serve to connect the cerebellum to other parts of the brain

171
Q

anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum

A

receive information from the truck of the body and influence the motor activities of the truck, shoulders, and pectoral girdle muscles

172
Q

vermis

A

part of the cerebellum that coordinates limb movements

173
Q

ataxia

A

loss of voluntary muscle coordination - disorder of the cerebellum – intoxication can cause this

174
Q

Anterior horns

A

for somatic motor neurons -so voluntary decisions to move -these leave through efferent pathway

175
Q

posterior horns

A

posterior horns -afferent pathways in gray matter
sensory infö

176
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls joints, muscles, and skin

177
Q

receptors

A

receive enviromental stimuli and send to the CNS

178
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

aka thoracolumbar division
contains preganglionic fibers from thoracic and lumber segments of the spinal cord
widespread targets
covers large region and has many effects

179
Q
A

Anatomy and physiology (15 decks)

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