lymphatic system Flashcards

Question

Tonsils

Answer 1

a group of small lymphoid organs in the lateral, posterior portions of the throat tonsils gather and destroy bacteria inhaled in food and air lymphoid tissue of the tonsils have is invaginated by channels called crypts which trap bacteria and foreign matter

Answer 2

lymphoid tissue of the tonsils is invaginated by channels called crypts which trap bacteria and foreign matter The bacteria then work their way into the lymphoid tissue where most are destroyed.

Answer 3

innate immune system serves as first line of defense through chemical and physical barriers to prevent pathogens from entering the body the response is the same to ALL threats that attempt to enter the body It is a generalized defense that rapidly destroys large numbers of pathogens These are quick compared to specific immunity which takes several days to work

Answer 4

takes several days to activate the specific immune system is targeted and extremely effective against pathogens The main lymphocytes involved in the specific immune responses are B and T cells

Answer 5

The skin is part of the innate (non-specific) immune system very few pathogens can penetrate the intact human skin tears and sweat produce an environment on which only good bacteria can grow, called normal flora

Answer 6

beneficial bacteria that produce lactic acid, which inhibits pathogenic (disease causing) bacteria

Answer 7

microorganisms entering the stomach are destroyed by stomach acids and digestive enzymes and digestive secretions pathogens entering the respirtory system are trapped by muscus membranes and then brought up to the throat to be spit out or swallowed and killed in stomach acid

Answer 8

part of the non-specific immune system inflammatory response is a localized response in the tissue. Inflammation increases blood flow to infected regions causing swelling

Answer 9

tissue swelling dilates blood vessels in the infected area to help increase the number of immune cells responding to the infection the increase of blood also causes redness and pain, helping bring a conscious awareness of the infection

Answer 10

circulate within the blood, which are not cells but rather secreted proteins cytokines help regulate and signal both the specific and non-specific immune systems.

Answer 11

Interluekins and interferons Interferons - Inhibit viral replication and assist in activating Natural killer cells Interleukins - functions as chemical activators, sending signals throughout the body to increase the immune response there are many subtypes of interleukins that function to activate different types of immune cells

Answer 12

a subtype of interleukin called pyrogens reset the thermostat in the hypothalamus - the temperature set-point (homeostasis) is raised to create a fever

Answer 13

fevers help the body fight infection by interfering with the growth and replication of pathogens Fevers also cause lysosomes to breakdown -the lysosomes release digestive enzymes that lyse (destroys) a cell affected by a virus fevers can promote the activity of white blood cells mild fevers with a short duration can assist in recovery

Answer 14

aka leukocytes are divided into two major categories - agranulocytes and granulocytes granulocytes have granules in the cytoplasm agranulocytes do not carry granules

Answer 15

have granules in the cytoplasm include neutrophils, esioinophils, basophils all granulocytes are capable of phagocytosis

Answer 16

are the most abundant white blood cell neutrophils are responsible for fighting infections, especially those that involve bacteria neutrophils use phagocytosis to the ingestion of foreign materials it can recognize a pathogen by its cell surface receptors the neutrophil binds to the pathogen and brings it inside the cell forming a vacuole Have a short lifespan

Answer 17

the neutrophil binds to the pathogen and brings it inside the cell forming a vacuole the vacuole fuses with cells lysosomes, which release digestive enzymes to destroy the pathogen once the pathogen is destroyed the contents is released from the cell

Answer 18

phagocytosis protects the body by engulfing and destroying pathogens neutrophils have a short life span and die quickly after the pathogen is ingested

Answer 19

neutrophils have a short life span and die quickly after the pathogen is ingested after death neutrophils exit the body as pus (white fluid)

Answer 20

have multi lobed nucleus and when stained have light pink granules in their cytoplasm

Answer 21

respond to allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They are similar in appearance to neutrophils, except their granules stain a darker pink to red are less commonly seen -because we are not always fighting off a parasitic infection as a granulocyte, eosinophils are also capable of phagocytosis

Answer 22

are the rarest type of granulocyte and are also capable of phagocytosis these are involved in the release of histamines and heparin histamines are a vasodialator, which increase blood flow through the dilation of vessels and capillaries heparin is a blood anticoagulant which helps prevent the formation of blood clots have a similar morphology shape to neutrophils and eosinophils, but their granules stain dark purple/blue

Answer 23

monocytes are a type of agranulocytosis monocytes- are large white blood cells with a u shaped/kidney shape nucleus these can move into tissues and are then called macrophages -monocytes and macrophages are the greatest phagocytes of all the blood cells these are more effective than neutrophils because they live longer and have greater phagocytic ability

Answer 24

T cells, B cells , and natural killer cells the specific immune response depends on the activity of lymphocytes. lymphocytes functions include making antibodies, attacking foreign cells, and destroying body cells that have lost normal function have dark nucleus with little cytoplasm main lymphocytes involved are B and T cells

Answer 25

millions of B cells (bone marrow derived) are produced in bone marrow daily Each B cells is genetically programed to produce a glycoprotein receptor as part of its cell coat each receptor binds with a specific type of antigen an antigen is any molecule that can be specifically recognized as foreign by the immune system. B- cells become activated when an antigen binds with its receptor -then called plasma cell

Answer 26

Once activated a B cell is called a plasma cell and begins to rapidly divide

Answer 27

each plasma cell produces antibodies (immunoglobulins) , which is a soluble form of glycoprotein receptor from B cells surface there are 5 categories of immunoglobulins

Answer 28

IgG, IgE, IgD, IgM, IgA these are the 5 major types of immunoglobulins released by B cells, each with a different purpose in the body

Answer 29

the antibody binds to the invading antigen to cause it to be inactive or mark it for destruction phagocytes (cells able to carry out phagocytosis can identify the marked cell and engulf it through phagocytosis

Answer 30

some activated B cells become memory B cells, which continue to produce a small amount of antibody even after the infection is over if the same pathogen enters the body again, the antibody immediately binds with the antigen they can produce a specific antibody much faster and targets it for destruction at a much faster rate the second time a pathogen invades the body

Answer 31

b-cells work in this method called anti-body mediated immunity (humoral response). This defends the body against pathogens through the secretions of antibodies the antibodies bind to the pathogen, making it unable to cause further damage in the body marking it for phagocytosis

Answer 32

thymus dependent cells originate in bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland T-cells work through what is called cell-mediated immunity

Answer 33

Instead of using antibodies, cell mediated immunity releases contents such as cytokines or enzymes to kill a pathogen or infected cell cell mediated immunity also includes direct cellular action, such as phagocytosis by other white blood cells

Answer 34

T-cells contain antigen receptors that bind to a specific glycoproteins in cell membranes

Answer 35

aka cytotoxic T cells -recognize and destroy invading cells containing foreign antigens killer T cells attack virus-infected cells or cells infected with cancer cells by releasing cytokines and enzymes locally to lyse the cell

Answer 36

secrete substances that activate or enhance immune responses B cells require an interaction with helper T cells before they can begin rapid division

Answer 37

also originate in the bone marrow. Natural killer cells seek out abnormal body cells and destroy them This makes NK cells highly effective against tumor cells

Answer 38

the glycoprotein surface receptors on all the cells of the body are called MHC The MHC enables the immune system to determine what cells are the body's cells and what cells are foreign. cells of the body also have a way od displaying through MHC complex if there's is something abnormal within the cell (such as cancer) killer T cells (cytotoxic T cells) recognize and destroy invading cells through this self or not self recognition of the MHC complexes on each cell

Answer 39

T cells contain antigen receptors that bind to specific glycoproteins in cell membranes. Each person has a genetically unique surface cell receptor present on all the cells of the body in the cell membranes

Answer 40

is the rejection of a transplanted organ by an organ donor tissue grafts and organ transplants most often originate from another person's body The MHC on the surface of the graft are recognized by the host body as a foreign pathogen an identical twin can donate to a sibling without any complications however, most people will need immune suppressant drugs

Answer 41

these are given after a graft or organ transplant to suppress the immune system this is necessary so that the body does not reject the organ transplant or tissue graft while taking these drugs a person is more susceptible to disease and illnesses

Answer 42

When lymphocytes launch an attack against a person's own body it is called an autoimmune disease this occurs when antibodies and T cells attack the body's own tissues ex. rhumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis

Answer 43

T cells attack the synovial lining inside joints T cells produce interleukins, which cause inflammation inside the joints systemically (body wide)

Answer 44

an autoimmune disease where antibodies attack and or prevent formation of the myelin sheath around nerve cells resulting in muscular weakness

Answer 45

in allergic reactions antibodies are produced against mild antigens called allergens these allergens are typically common in the environment factors such as pollen, or dust mites many people that display allergies have some type of genetic predisposition to this type of body reaction. allergic reactions vary from person to person but generally have red/watery eyes, sneezing, runny nose, and headache

Answer 46

an excessive immune response to an allergen, called aniphylaxis a severe life threatening allergic reaction against a pathogen, insect reaction, or drug antibodies are overproduced by B cells these circulating antibodies increase capillary permeability throughout the body Some symptoms include hives and anaphylaxis shock, narrow respirtory pathways, causing difficulty breathing

Answer 47

raised red bumps

Answer 48

a person's capillaries become so dilated it causes their blood pressure to drop too low, leading to collapse A person can die from anaphylactic shock because their heart stops beating or their airway passages completely close, so the person can no longer breathe.

Answer 49

people who have severe allergic reactions should always carry an epipen when aniphylactic shock begins to occur the epipen is injected into the thigh to release the hormone epinephrine into the bloodstream epinephrine helps to offset the symptoms of anaphylaxis, constricting blood vessels and raising blood pressure

Answer 50

an accumulation of too much fluid in tissues can cause localized swelling called edema

Answer 51

lymphodema is a specific form of edema where the lymphatic system is not functioning properly to return fluid back to circulation a lymph vessel can become blocked, or lymph nodes can be removed for testing causing difficult with lymph drainage the interstitial fluid slowly accumulates in the limb and it becomes extremely swollen and distended lymphedema can become a serious condition if left untreated because the swollen tissues are vulnerable to infection. if left untreated the connective tissues and vessels become permanently stretched and distended

Answer 52

inflammation of the tonsils. The tonsils become infected and appear white or bacterial infection

lymphatic system Flashcards

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