Cardiovascular System

Question 0

Explain the two circuit circulatory system.

Answer 0

The heart pumps blood into two separate circulatory:
Pulmonary Circulation - pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, then delivering oxygenated blood back to the heart.
Systemic Circulation - Pumps oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and back

Question 1

Name the valves of the heart.

Answer 1

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)
Left atrioventricular valve (mitral/bicuspid)
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve

Question 2

Name the chambers of the heart and their purpose.

Answer 2

Left and Right Ventricles - Muscular chambers that contract to pump blood out if the heart into the circulatory system.
Left and Right Atria - Muscular chambers that drain and squeeze blood into the ventricles.

Question 3

Which veins feed into the right atrium?

Answer 3

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava

Question 4

What cells are found in the heart?

Answer 4

Muscle (Myocardium)
Conductive tissue
Elastic tissue
Fibrous Tissue
Endothelium

Question 5

What are the layers to the arterial wall?

Answer 5

Tunica Adventitia
Tunica Media
Tunica Intima

Question 6

What are characteristics of the pulse?

Answer 6

Rate: 100 Tachy
Regularity: regular or irregular
Volume: Full/ thready weak

Question 7

Define blood pressure.

Answer 7

Pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessel measured in mmHG

Question 8

What is systolic blood pressure?

Answer 8

Blood pressure when heart contracts.

Question 9

What is diastolic pressure?

Answer 9

Blood pressure when heart is at rest.

Question 10

What is stroke volume?

Answer 10

Volume of blood ejected from the ventricle on each contraction. Apporx 70mls in a normal adult.

Question 11

What factors can affect the stroke volume?

Answer 11

Preload
After load
Contractility
Shape of ventricle

Question 12

Define preload.

Answer 12

It is the load in the ventricle present before contraction has started.

Question 13

What factors affect preload?

Answer 13

Venous return to the LV
Shape of ventricle
Volume of ventricle

Question 14

Define afterload.

Answer 14

It is the pressure the ventricle has to generate to open the aortic or pulmonary valve.

Question 15

What is cardiac output?

Answer 15

The volume of blood ejected from the heart pre minute.

Question 16

What is the equation to work out cardiac output?

Answer 16

CO = HR x SV

Normally 4.5-5 L/min

Question 17

What factors affect the afterload?

Answer 17

Amount of resistance to blood flow

• Elasticity of major arteries
• Constriction of smaller arterioles

Question 18

What is peripheral/systemic vascular resistance?

Answer 18

The resistance to blood flow.

Question 19

Define euvolaemia.

Answer 19

Normal, constant blood volume.

Question 20

If passive transport occurs, which way do these ions moves across the cell?

• Potassium
• Sodium
• Calcium

Answer 20

Potassium - ?.. of the cell
Sodium - ?…the cell
Calcium - ?….. the cell

Question 21

Define polarised state.

Answer 21

Resting phase in excitable cells

Question 23

Define depolarisation.

Answer 23

Working state of an excitable cell causing contraction or conduction.

Question 24

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 24

Sino-atrial node.

Question 25

What is the aim of the conduction system?

Answer 25

It is to ensure that both the atria and ventricles depolarise rapidly together.

Question 26

What are the layers of the major blood vessels?

Answer 26

Endothelium
Smooth Muscle
Connective Tissue

Question 27

Where does the sympathetic nervous system act on the heart?

Answer 27

Beta 1 receptors