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Nerves & ANS System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the important anatomical structures of a nerve cell.

A 
Nucleus
Dendrites
Axon
Schwann's cells
Myelin sheath
Node of ranvier
Axon terminals
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2
Q

What is the role of dendrites?

A

They are processes projecting from the cell body. They collect information from other nerves.

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3
Q

What is the role of the axon terminals?

A

They are a tubular structure at one end of the cell body that conveys electrical impulses from the nerve body to another nerve or cell.

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4
Q

What is the role of Schwann’s cells?

A

They secrete myelin. They insulate the nerve as they are fat cells…

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5
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

They are unmyelinated portions of the axon which enable action potentials to jump node to node effectively increasing the conduction speed.

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6
Q

Which ions enter and leave then cell in order to create an action potential?

A

There is a sodium influx which encourages a calcium influx to fully depolarise the cell. Then there is a potassium efflux causing the cell to repolarise.

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7
Q

How do nerves communicate with other nerve cells and organs?

A

Neuro-transmitters are released by the presynaptic nerve and bind to the post synatic nerve/organ via a receptor. This is how the communication crosses the synapse.

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8
Q

Give examples of neurotransmitters.

A 
Nor-adrenaline
Acetylcholine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Melatonin
Gamma amino butyric acid (GABA)
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9
Q

What are the central components of the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus
Brain Stem
Spinal Cord

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10
Q

What are the peripheral components of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic Nerves

Parasympathetic Nerves

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11
Q

What are the functions of the ANS?

A
  • Mediate neuro-humoral regulation of internal environment
  • Control over muscles (smooth & heart) and glands
  • Prepare body for normal and life threatening stress
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12
Q

What is the origina of the SNS nerve distribution?

A

T1-L?

Thoraco-lumbar plexus

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13
Q

What is the function of the SNS?

A
  • Fight or flight stress response
  • Enhances physical and mental activity
  • Shuts down relaxation (digestion)
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14
Q

Name forms of stress that would induce the SNS.

A
  • Low BP
  • Low oxygen (very important)
  • Increased temperature, Pyrexia
  • Mental stress
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15
Q

What are the receptors of the SNS?

A

Alpa 1 & 2

Beta 1, 2 & 3

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16
Q

How does the SNS affect the heart?

A
  • Affects HR by increasing the SA node firing rate and increasing the AV node conduction velocity.
  • Increases contractility (positive inotropism)
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17
Q

Which receptors have an equal affinity to adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

Beta 1

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18
Q

Which receptors does adrenaline have a higher affinity to?

A

Beta 2

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19
Q

Which receptors does noradrenaline have an affinity for?

A

Alpha 1 & 2

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20
Q

What are the effects of SNS on blood vessels?

A

Beta 2
Vascular smooth muscle relaxation causing vasodilation

Alpha 1
Vascular smooth muscle contraction causes vasoconstriction

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21
Q

What receptors do beta blockers work on?

A

They block beta 1 receptors.

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22
Q

What conditions are beta blockers used in?

A

Hypertension
Angina
Heart Failure
Arrhythmias

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23
Q

What are the effects of Beta Blockers?

A

Reduce Heart Rate

Reduce Contractility

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24
Q

What contidions are beta agonists used in?

A

Hypotension

Bradycardia

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25
What is hydralazine and when is it used?
It is an alpha 1-receptor blocker and is used in severe hypertension to stop alpha-1 mediated vasoconstriction.
26
What effect does the SNS have on the lungs?
Cause bronchodilation by relaxing the bronchiolar smooth muscle via a beta-2 effect.
27
What is salbutamol and when is it used?
It is a beta-2 agonist used in Asthma to mimic the effect of adrenaline on bronchiolar beta-2 receptors to cause bronchodilation
28
What effect does the SNS have on the kidneys and adrenals?
- Reduces urine formation - Increases the secretion of adrenaline 80% - Increases the secretion of noradrenaline 20%
29
What are the adverse effects of beta Antagonists, beta-blockers?
``` Bradycardia Hypotension Depression Impotence Broncho-constriction May elevate blood glucose levels ```
30
What are the adverse effects of beta agonist Salbutamol?
Tachycardia Anxiety Problems with micturition
31
What are the adverse effects of alpha agonists?
Increase HR GIT tract disturbances Uriniary Retention Anxiety
32
What is the nerve origin of the PNS?
Cranio-Sacral plexus Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 (vagal nerve)
33
What are the functions of the PNS?
- Reduces energy production - Increases energy storage - Increases digestion - Increases urine formation and micturition - Decreases alertness
34
What are the receptors of the PSNS?
Nicotinic | Muscarinic
35
What type of receptors are nicotinic and where are they found?
They are short acting excitatory receptors found largely in skeletal muscle and the CNS
36
What type of receptors are muscarinic and where are they found?
There are 5 subtypes of receptor M1-5. They are largely found in the viscera/ organs and CNS
37
What is the neurotransmitter of the PSNS?
Acetylcholine
38
What effects does the PSNS have on the heart?
Affects the heart rate by reducing the SA node firing rate thus reducing AV node conduction velocity.
39
Which receptor for the PSNS is found in the heart?
M-2
40
What effect does the PSNS have on the GIT?
- Increases saliva production - Increases peristalsis - Increases secretion of gastric juices
41
What effect does the PSNS have on the lungs?
PSNS acts on the M-3 to cause bronchoconstriction by contracting the bronchiolar smooth muscle.
42
What effect does the PSNS have on micturition?
Contract detrusor muscle
43
What are examples of anti-muscarinic drugs and their uses?
Oxitropium Bromide - Inhibits muscarinic bronchiola smooth muscle constriction Oxybutynin - Reduces detrusor muscle contractility therefore reduces urinary incontinence
44
Name some adverse effects of anticholinergics.
``` Dry mouth Headache Abdo pain Constipation Urinary retention Digestion Problems ```
45
Define polarised cell.
An excitable cell (nerve or muscle) that is resting. The inside of the cell's membrane is neagtively charged.
46
Define depolarised cell.
Is an excitable cell that is activated to function which is either conduction in nerve cells or contraction in muscle cells. The inside of the cell's membrane is relatively positively charged.
47
Define repolarisation.
This is the process of the cell going from depolarised back to polarised via passive ion movement to change the membrane polarity.
48
Define action potential.
It is the process/ cycle of the cell moving from resting to activated and back to resting.
49
How does the cycle of an action potential go?
- First sodium ion channels are opened - This begins to turn the negatively charged cell positive - Calcium ions channels now start to open - Cells fully depolarises causing nerve to conduct - Cell returns to resting state via passive movement of potassium out of the cell
50
What does polarised cell mean?
Cell in resting in a state.
51
What is the best way to stop an action potential?
Sodium channel blocker
52
Define saltatory conduction.
Occurs in myelinated nerves where the electrical pulse jumps from the nodes of ranvier. It is rapid and much faster than nerve conduction in non-myelinated cells as depolarisation is faster.
53
Define synapse
Interaction between two nerves
54
Define neurotransmitters
Substances released by nerve ending to communication to other nerves or muscles
55
What are the consequences of general receptors on the ANS?
The SNS has many receptors all over the body, therefore taking heart medication may effect the lungs due to non specific adrenergic beta receptors
56
What is the origin if noradrenaline?
Released from the adrenal medulla into the blood stream
57
Name an example of a beta blocker
Bisoprolol, atenolol and metoprolol
58
When is noradrenaline given?
Used in Sepsis to constrict peripheral blood vessels.
59
What are the potential risks of using a nebuliser for salbutamol?
There is a risk of salbutamol entering the blood stream which will cause HR to increase and long term use can show arrhythmia in older patients.
60
What condition should be considered to check pulse before and after administration of beta blockers.
Asthmatics due to potential effects on bronchials
61
What are the effects of atropine?
Blocks the m2 receptor in the heart therefore increasing the HR
62
What is Atrovent and where does it act?
Muscrinic antagonist that blocks the effect of acetylcholine on bronchial m3 to cause bronchodilation.
63
What are they different types of neurotransmitter?
``` Amines Amino Acids Neuropeptides Opiod Peptides Gut Hormones ```
64
Define Synaptic Cleft.
The space between nerves that neurotransmitters have to traverse when going from pre and post synatic nerve receptors.
65
What are the side-effects of a beta-2 agonist?
Increased HR

Physiology (12 decks)

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