Respiratory

Question 1

Define pleura.

Answer 1

Each of a pair of serous membranes lining the thorax and enveloping the lungs in humans.

Question 2

Name the lobes of the lungs.

Answer 2

Right superior
Right middle
Right inferior
Left superior
Left inferior

Question 3

What is the function of the nose?

Answer 3

Aided by hair, mucous and increased surface area (Conchae) the
nose filters and moisturises inhaled air

Question 4

What is the function of the pharynx?

Answer 4

Conduit for air (and food). Channels mucous from the nose, aids in
moistening and filtering inhaled air

Question 5

What is the function of the trachea?

Answer 5

Main conduit for air, (filters and moistens air)

Question 6

What is the function of the bronchi?

Answer 6

Medium size conduit, channels air in the lung, regulates airflow by
regulating diameter

Question 7

What is the function of the bronchioles?

Answer 7

Small conduits, terminal ends form initial respiratory surfaces

Question 8

What is the function of the alveoli?

Answer 8

Gaseous exchange chambers, also remove foreign bodies from ai

Question 9

Define residual volume.

Answer 9

The volume of air still remaining in the lungs after the most forcible expiration possible.

Question 10

Define inspiratory reserve.

Answer 10

Is the additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume.

Question 11

Define tidal volume.

Answer 11

Is the lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inhalation and exhalation when extra effort is not applied.

Question 12

Define expiratory reserve.

Answer 12

Is the additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume.

Question 13

Define inspiratory capacity.

Answer 13

he total amount of air that can be drawn into the lungs after normal expiration

Question 14

Define vital capacity.

Answer 14

The greatest volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs after taking the deepest possible breath.

Question 15

Define Peak Expiatory Flow, PEF.

Answer 15

Is a person’s maximum speed of expiration, as measured with a peak flow meter. (L/min)

Question 16

Define Forced Vital Capacity, FVC.

Answer 16

The total volume of air forced out after a
full inspiration (Litres)

Question 17

Define Forced Expiratory Volume, FEV 1.

Answer 17

This is the forced expiratory volume at

he end of 1 second (litres)

Question 18

What is the Tiffeneau index?

Answer 18

The FEV1/FVC ratio, also called Tiffeneau-Pinelli index, is a calculated ratio used in the diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive lung disease. It represents the proportion of a person’s vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of expiration.

Question 19

What is a normal Tiffeneau index number?

Answer 19

Normally 80%

Question 20

Where in the lungs is a ventilation/perfusion mismatch?

Answer 20

Top of the lungs: Well ventilated areas due to the least resistance to air flow.
Bottom of the lungs: Well perfused areas as gravity assisted with blood flow.

Question 21

Give an example of a drug that acts on the beta 2 receptors.

Answer 21

Salbutamol

Question 22

Give an example of a drug that acts on the muscarinic 2 receptors.

Answer 22

Ipratropium bromide (atrovent)

Question 23

What affect does SNS have on the lungs?

Answer 23

Dilates bronchi

Question 24

What affect does PNS have on the lungs?

Answer 24

Constricts bronchi

Question 25

Define cilia.

Answer 25

Small hairs that aid in removal of small particles from the airway.

Question 26

What is the purpose of psuedo-stratified columnar epithelium?

Answer 26

Acts as a barrier

Question 27

What are goblet cells?

Answer 27

They produce and secrete mucous. Mucous helps to trap particles and bacteria.

Question 28

What are alveolar type I cells?

Answer 28

Gas exchange - their main role is to provide a barrier of minimal thickness that is readily permeable to gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Question 29

What are alveolar type II cells?

Answer 29

Secrete surfactant. | Scavanging debris & particles

Question 30

What is surfactant?

Answer 30

Is a lipoprotein that helps reduce the surface tension.

Question 31

What is a normal respiratory rate?

Answer 31

12-20 per minute

Question 32

What are the layers of the respiratory system?

Answer 32

Outer leayer - which has decreasing amounts of cartilage Middle muscular layer Epithelial layer - that may contain goblet cells

Question 33

What receptors are found in the lungs?

Answer 33

SNS - Beta 2 | PNS - Muscarinic 3

Question 34

Where are clilia found?

Answer 34

In the trachea & primary bronchi

Question 35

Name the anatomy of the windpipe.

Answer 35

``` Nasal Cavity Trachea Primary bronchi bronchiole Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolus ```

Question 36

How do respiratory bronchioles differ from the rest of the bronchioles?

Answer 36

They develop small alveoli so begin to have the anatomy of the respiratory surface of the lung.

Question 37

What occurs to the muscles during inhalataion?

Answer 37

Intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract, expanding the thoracic cavity.

Question 38

What occurs to muscles during exhalation?

Answer 38

As this is a passive process, the intercostal and diaphragm are relaxed.

Question 39

Define functional residual capacity.

Answer 39

Is the expiatory reserve volume and residual volume.

Question 40

Define total lung capacity.

Answer 40

Combination of all the respiratory lung volumes.

Question 41

What drives gaseous exchange?

Answer 41

Gaseous exchange can occur due to differences in partial pressure as opposed to concentration gradient.

Question 42

What are the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs?

Answer 42

alveoli - 100 mmHg pO2 - 40mmHg pCO2 capillary - 40mmHg pO2 45mmHg pCO2

Question 43

Define internal respiration.

Answer 43

Is the exchange of gases between the blood and cells

Question 44

Define external respiration.

Answer 44

Is the exchange of gases between alveoli and the capillary.

Question 45

What stimulates involuntary breathing?

Answer 45

CO2 levels are recognised by the medulla oblongata (this switches to oxygen levels in COPD) Exercise Pain

Question 46

How is voluntary respiration controlled?

Answer 46

Via the cerebral cortex & limbic system, it is driven by emotions such as fear & anger