Endocrine

Question 0

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 0

• regulates metabolism
• regulates fluid & electrolytes
• counteract effect of stress
• regulates growth
• regulates reproduction

Question 1

What are the major endocrine glands?

Answer 1

Pineal gland
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovary (female)
Testes (male)

Question 2

Define endocrine.

Answer 2

Hormone released into the bloodstream

Question 3

Define autocrine.

Answer 3

Hormone acts on the same cell that releases it

Question 4

Define paracrine.

Answer 4

Hormone released into surrounding tissue rather than bloodstream. Eg interstitial fluid

Question 5

Give an examples of amines

Answer 5

Catecholamines

Thyroid hormones

Question 6

Give examples of proteins and peptides.

Answer 6

Insulin
Calcitonin
Oxytocin
GH

Question 7

Give examples of steroids.

Answer 7

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Gonadocorticoids

Question 8

What hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

Answer 8

• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
• Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH)
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Luteinising Hormone (LH)

Question 9

What hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary?

Answer 9

ADH

Oxytocin

Question 10

What cells produce glucagon?

Answer 10

Alpha cells in the pancreas

Question 11

What cells produce insulin?

Answer 11

Beta cells in the pancreas

Question 12

What cells produce pancreatic peptide?

Answer 12

Gama cells

Question 13

What cells produce somatostatin?

Answer 13

Delta cells in the pancreas

Question 14

What are the two thyroid hormones?

Answer 14

T3 Tri-iodo Thyroxine

T4 Thyroxine

Question 15

Give examples of target cells for hormones.

Answer 15

Specific receptors within:
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

Question 16

Give examples of secondary messengers.

Answer 16

Intracellular enzymes
Calcium
Intracellular lipids

Question 17

Where do secondary messengers act?

Answer 17

On signal transcription of genes

Question 18

What are 3 patterns of gland secretion?

Answer 18

Endocrine
Autocrine
Paracrine

Question 19

What is a hormone?

Answer 19

A messenger chemical that is secreted all over the body and are associated with a longer effect over time…

Question 20

Why are hormones secreted?

Answer 20

In response to…
Levels in blood eg glucose
Other hormones eg pituitary
Directly stimulated by nerves eg oxytocin, adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 21

What is the mode of physiological communication?

Answer 21

Stimulus - First Messenger (NT/Hormone) - Target (Receptors/Enzymes) - Intracellular Secondary Messenger - Response

Question 22

What responses can secondary messengers trigger?

Answer 22

Transcription of genes

Production of proteins

Question 24

What path operates on positive feedback?

Answer 24

Oxytocin and childbirth pathway

Question 25

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 25

Regulates activity if endocrine system | Exerts direct neural control...

Question 26

Where does the hypothalamus act?

Answer 26

Directly on the anterior and posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Question 27

What hormones are secreted by a anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 27

Growth hormone

Question 28

What patterns of interaction?

Answer 28

Antagonististic Synergistic Permissive

Question 29

Which region of the adrenal cortex produces..

Answer 29

X3

Question 30

What is the normal range of blood glucose?

Answer 30

3.5 - 6.8mM

Question 31

What is glucagon?

Answer 31

Secreted in response to low glucose levels and increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the breakdown of glycogen stored in liver and skeletal muscle

Question 32

Define hypoglycaemia.

Answer 32

Low blood sugar levels

Question 33

Define hyperglycaemia.

Answer 33

High sugar levels

Question 34

Define type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Answer 34

No secretion of insulin

Question 35

Define type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 35

Insufficient insulin secretion or resistance to secreted insulin

Question 36

Negative feedback

Answer 36

??