Cardiovascular System

Question 0

Define the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 0

Blood flow between right ventricle & left atrium via the lungs.

Question 1

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

Answer 1

Heart, blood vessels (arteries,veins,capillaries), blood, medulla oblongata (control centre)

Question 2

Define the systemic circulation?

Answer 2

Blood flow from left ventricle to right atrium via the body.

Question 3

What is the purpose of the coronary arteries?

Answer 3

Oxygenated blood from aorta to the myocardium

Question 4

What is the purpose of the cardiac veins?

Answer 4

Deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the coronary sinus.

Question 5

Name the 3 principle layers of the heart?

Answer 5

Endocardium, myocardium, pericardium

Question 6

Whee would you find the endocardium?

Answer 6

Inner lining of heart chambers

Question 7

Where would you find the myocardium?

Answer 7

Cardiac muscle. Thickest in the left ventricle

Question 8

Where would you find the pericardium?

Answer 8

Covering layer of the heart that forms a sac.

Question 9

What is the name of the inner lining of the pericardial sac?

Answer 9

Epicardium

Question 10

What is the name of the valve located between the right atrium & right ventricle?

Answer 10

Tricuspid valve

Question 11

What is the name of the valve located between the left atrium & left ventricle?

Answer 11

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

Question 12

What is the name of the valve located at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk (pulmonary Artery)?

Answer 12

Pulmonary valve

Question 13

What is the name of the valve located at the entrance to the aorta?

Answer 13

Aortic valve

Question 14

What is the role of the heart?

Answer 14

Role of the heart is to receive blood from tissues and lungs and to pump blood around two circulations (pulmonary & systemic)

Question 15

What is the purpose of the atria?

Answer 15

Receive blood returning from the body (right atrium) & lungs (left atrium)

Question 16

What is the purpose of the right ventricle?

Answer 16

Pumps blood to the lungs

Question 17

What is the purpose of the left ventricle?

Answer 17

Pumps blood to the systemic arteries

Question 18

What is intrinsic rhythmicity?

Answer 18

Contraction & relaxation of myocardial cells.

Question 19

Under what circumstances can intrinsic rhytmicity only happen?

Answer 19

Response to electrical changes in the cell.

Question 20

Where is electrical activity spontaneously generated?

Answer 20

Sino-atrial node

Question 21

Where is the sino-atrial node located?

Answer 21

Wall of the right atrium close to the entrance of the superior vena cava.

Question 22

What does the sa node contain?

Answer 22

Pacemaker cells (show pacemaker activity)

Question 23

How does the sa node work?

Answer 23

Fires impulses (action potentials) spontaneously & sets the rhythm of the heart.

Question 24

Where are action potentials conducted?

Answer 24

Throughout the myocardium. First atria electrically excited then ventricles electrically excited.

Question 25

What is the conduction system of the heart?

Answer 25

San- atria- avn (delayed)- ventricles

Question 26

What fibres carry impulses around the ventricular myocardium?

Answer 26

Bundle of his, bundle branches & purkinje

Question 27

In an ecg what does the p wave measure?

Answer 27

Atrial depolarisation ( electrical excitation)

Question 28

In an ecg what does the qrs complex measure?

Answer 28

Ventricular depolarisation

Question 29

In a ecg what does the t wave measure?

Answer 29

Repolarisation of ventricles ( return to non-excited state)

Question 30

What are the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle?

Answer 30

Systole, myocardium repolarises, diastole

Question 31

Define systole?

Answer 31

Blood is squeezed from the atria into ventricles & then ejected from the ventricles.

Question 32

What follows electrical excitation?

Answer 32

Mechanical contraction (systole)

Question 33

Define diastole?

Answer 33

Relaxation. Refills with blood.

Question 34

Define myocardium repolarisation?

Answer 34

Returns to its resting electrical state

Question 35

What valves close at the start of ventricular systole & open at the start of ventricular diastole?

Answer 35

Tricuspid & bicuspid (mitral) valves

Question 36

What valves open at start of ventricular systole & close at start of ventricular diastole?

Answer 36

Aortic & pulmonary valves.

Question 37

The heart sounds 'lub' & 'dub' correspond to what?

Answer 37

Closure of certain heart valves.

Question 38

Define cardiac output?

Answer 38

Volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle in one minute.

Question 39

What does cardiac output depend on?

Answer 39

Bpm & stroke volume

Question 40

Define stroke volume?

Answer 40

Volume of blood ejected from by the left ventricle in one heartbeat.

Question 41

What is the equation for cardiac output?

Answer 41

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume

Question 42

Define heart rate?

Answer 42

Number of times heart beats in one minute (bpm)

Question 43

What is the normal range for heart rate?

Answer 43

60 - 80 bpm

Question 44

Name the principle pulse points?

Answer 44

Temporal, carotid (neck), brachial (inside elbow), radial (wrist), femoral (groin), popliteal (back of knee). Dorsalis pedis (top of foot)

Question 45

What can alter heart rate?

Answer 45

Exercise, stress, drugs, hormones, nervous system

Question 46

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

Answer 46

Controls physiological processes we have no control over (conciousley) "automatic"

Question 47

Hat effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

Answer 47

Slows heart rate ( important during rest)

Question 48

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

Answer 48

Accelerates heart rate during exercise or challenges of any kind.

Question 49

What hormones can increase heart rate & stroke volume?

Answer 49

Adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyroxine

Question 50

What is a normal maximum heart rate?

Answer 50

170 - 209 bpm

Question 51

What is tachyardia?

Answer 51

Heart rate above 100 bpm at rest

Question 52

What is bradycardia?

Answer 52

Heart rate below 50 bpm at rest.

Question 53

Under what circumstance may you find someone with a slower resting heart rate?

Answer 53

Fitness

Question 54

What influences stroke volume?

Answer 54

Venous return ( circulating blood volume), reduced venous return (e.g. Haorrhage) reduces sv & thus cardiac output

Question 55

What is a typical stroke volume for a standard man?

Answer 55

70mls per heart beat

Question 56

What determines stroke volume?

Answer 56

How strongly ventricles contract

Question 57

What can change stroke volume?

Answer 57

Exercise, stress, drugs, nerves, hormones

Question 58

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on stroke volume?

Answer 58

Increases force of heart beat & increases stroke volume

Question 59

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on stroke volume?

Answer 59

Tends to reduce stroke volume.