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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Circulation time

A

Time for a drop to pass: R atrium -> pulmonary circulation -> L atrium -> systemic circulation -> R atrium

At rest = 1 min

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2
Q

Pericardium

A

Doubled walled sac enclosing the heart

Isolate + give room for expansion, resists compression

Visceral - covers heart
Outer = parietal pericardium

Pericadial cavity - with fluid, lubricates beat without friction

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3
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

=compression of heart by abnormal accumulation of fluid on pericardial cavity

Pericarditis - viral infection, cancer

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4
Q

Heart wall

3 layers

A
  1. Outer = epicardium
    - visceral pericardium
  2. Middle = myocardium
    - thickest layer, cardiac muscle
  3. Inner = endocardium
    - next to blood, forms inner lining of chamber
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5
Q

Fibrous skeleton
surrounds…
prevents…
…

A

Dense connective tissue of heart
Surrounds valves
Prevents outstretching of valves
Electrical insulator

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6
Q

Right atrium

Receives blood from:

A

3 veins

  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
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7
Q

Interatrial septum/wall
Separates….
Small depression…

A

Seperates RA and LA

Has small depression (fossa ovalis)
- remnant of foetal opening

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8
Q

Fossa ovalis - after birth

A

Allows blood flow RA -> LA to bypass pulmonary circulation

Normally closes after birth
- if fails = patent foramen ovale

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9
Q

Blood flow through heart

A

3 veins -> RA -(tricuspid valve)> RV -(S.L valve)> pulmonary trunk -> L + R pulmonary arteries

4 pulmonary veins -> LA - (AV valve)> LV -(S.L valve)> aorta -> coronary arteries + arch of aorta

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10
Q

Valves
Prevent….
2 types…

A

Prevent backflow/ensure 1-way flow

AV valves - chordae tendinea, papillary muscle

SL valves - pocket-like cusps

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11
Q

Coronary circulation
Supply….
Uses….
Arteries…

A

Hearts own blood vessels
Supply nutrients to heart tissue
Uses 5% circulating blood
Arteries encircle heart

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12
Q

Myocardial infarction
Cause…
Solved by..

A

Fatty deposit or blood clot

Sudden death of patch of tissue - deprived of blood flow

Heart bypass - reroute blood using vein graft

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13
Q

Anastomoses

A

Union of 2< arteries/veins supplying same region
Defence for MI
Alternative route if blockage

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14
Q

Conduction system

APs

A
  1. SA node
  2. AV node
  3. AV bundle (His)
  4. R+L bundle branches
  5. Purkinjie fibres
    Specific location

Various hormones can increase or decrease pace of heart

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15
Q

Ectopic pacemaker site

A

Excitable cells cause premature heartbeat outside normally functioning SA node

Extra beats or pace heart

Triggers - caffeine, electrolyte imbalance, hypoxia, drugs

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16
Q

Artificial pacemaker implanted

A

If bundle of His/R+L bundle/Purkinjie fibres initiates AP
Slow AP
Only creates 20-40bpm

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17
Q

Contraction: ventricular AP

A
  1. Rapid depolarisation
  2. Contraction/plateau
  3. Repolarisation
18
Q

Refractory period

A

= time interval when 2nd contraction cannot be triggered

Longer than contraction itself

19
Q

Ventricular AP

Membrane permeability changes

A

Due to voltage-gated ion channels
Cells at rest: inside - and outside +

Depolarisation = inside +
Repolarisation = inside -
20
Q

ECG

A

Recording of electrical changes + AP propagation detected at body surface
Electrodes: arms, legs, 6x heart
Produces 12 different tracings

Determine
- abnormal conduction pathway, heart enlarged, damaged regions

21
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarisation/contraction

22
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarisation/contraction

23
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarisation (before relaxation)

24
Q

Abnormalities of heart beat

A 
Large P = enlarged atrium
Large Q = MI
Large R = enlarged ventricles
Flat T = insufficient 02
Long P-Q interval = scar tissue
25
Q

Long Q-T syndrome

A

Rare, genetic
Repolarisation abnormality
Prone to very rapid heartbeats => poor supply to brain
Treatment - b-blockers, defibrillator

26
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Irregular heart rhythm
defect in conduction system of heart

Causes - anxiety, drugs, hyperthyroidism

Heart blocker
Atrial flutter
Atrial fibrillation
Ventricular fibrillation

27
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

All events associated with 1 heartbeat

systole = contract
Diastole = relax
28
Q

Cardiac cycle

3 phases

A
  1. Relaxation period occurs after T-wave
  2. After P-wave
  3. After QRS
29
Q

Cardiac cycle

Divisions

A
  1. Atrial systole
  2. Early ventricular systole
  3. Late ventricular systole
  4. Early ventricular diastole
  5. Late ventricular diastole
30
Q

Heart sounds

A

From blood turbulence caused by closing of heart valves

S1= lubb = louder,longer, AV closing
S2= dup = quieter, shorter, SL closing
31
Q

Heart murmurs

A

Abnormal sounds

Indicate valve disorder

32
Q

Cardiac output

A

= volume blood ejected from L/R ventricle into aorta each min

= stroke vol x heart rate

33
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

Ratio between max cardiac output and rest cardiac output

34
Q

Regulation of stroke volume

A

Preload = degree of stretch
Contractility = forcefulness of contraction of individual ventricular muscle fibres
After load = pressure to exceed to eject ventricular blood

35
Q

Regulation of heart rate

A
  1. Autonomic NS; increased depolarisation SA node increases HR
  2. Chemical; hormones, ions
  3. Other factors; age, gender, body temp
36
Q

Shock

A

Failure of CV system to deliver enough O2 + nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs

Cells aerobic -> anaerobic => lactic acid -> organ failure

37
Q

Types of shock (4)

A
  1. Hypovolumic - decreased blood vol, diabetes
  2. Cardiogenic - poor heart function
  3. Vascular - blood vessels dilate
  4. Obstructive - block blood flow
38
Q

Homeostatic response to shock

A
  1. Activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system so increased blood vol + BP
  2. ADH secretion; increases blood vol + BP
  3. Activation of sympathetic ANS; E and norE
  4. Release of local vasodilators
39
Q

Pulse

A

Heart rate

Tachycardia = rapid resting pulse
Bradycardia = slow resting pulse
40
Q

Blood pressure

A

120/80

= hydrostatic pressure exerted by blood on walls of vessels

41
Q

Blood flow

A

From high to low pressure
Resistance = friction between blood vessel walls + blood
Pumps to boost venous return - heart, skeletal muscle, valves

Low o2

  • systemic circ DILATE
  • pulmonary circ CONSTRICT
42
Q

Capillary exchange

A

Movement by

  • diffusion
  • transcytosis
  • bulk flow

Anatomy (12 decks)

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