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Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

components

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

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2
Q 
function of kidneys 
(8)
A
  1. regulation of blood ionic composition
  2. maintenance of blood osmolarity
  3. regulation of blood volume
  4. regulation of blood pressure
  5. regulation of blood pH
  6. release of hormones
  7. regulation of blood glucose levels
  8. secretion of wastes and foreign substances
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3
Q

renin

A

kidney secretes

activates renin-angiotensin pathway - increased vasoconstriction => increased blood pressure

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4
Q

calcitriol

A

helps regulate calcium homeostasis by increasing absorption from foods in GI

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5
Q

erythropoiein

A

stimulates RBC production

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6
Q

kidneys: external anatomy

A

concave side: all blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves + ureter enter/leave by the renal hilum

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7
Q

Kidneys external anatomy

surrounded by 3 tissue layers:

A
  • renal capsule; transparent
  • adipose capsule; fat pad
  • renal fascia; connective tissue
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8
Q

Kidneys: internal anatomy

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Parenchyma

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9
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer, smooth, redish

The portions that extend between renal pyramids = renal columns

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10
Q

Renal medulla

A

Inner
Consists of 8-18 cone shaped renal-pyramids
Renal papilla points to centre

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11
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional portion of kidney

= renal cortex + renal pyramids

Contain nephrons

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12
Q

Travel of urine

A

Formed in nephron -> papillary ducts -> minor -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder

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13
Q

Nephron

2 components

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

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14
Q

Nephron: renal corpuscle

A

Filters plasma
Glomerulus = mass of capillary loops
Bowmans capsule = surrounds glomerulus

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15
Q

Nephron: renal tubule

A 
Into which filtered fluid passes 
= coiled
Proximal convoluted; attached to bowmans capsule
Loop of Henle; descending/ascending 
Distal convoluted tubule
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16
Q

2 nephron positions

A

Corticol

Juxtamedullary

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17
Q

Corticol nephron

A 
80% nephrons are this type
Renal corpuscles in outer cortex
Loop Henle = short, in cortex
Blood supply from peritubular capillaries 
Ascending loop limb; thick only
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18
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

20% of nephrons
Renal corpuscles are deep in cortex, close to medulla
Loop Henle = long, in medulla
Blood supply from peritubular capillaries + vasa recta
Ascending loop limb; thin then thick

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19
Q

Kidney - blood supply

A

Abundant blood vessels

  • to remove waste from blood
  • regulate composition + volume

Receive 25% resting cardiac output

Glomerular capillaries between afferent + efferent arterioles

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20
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

Outer parietal layer = simple squamous epithelial

Inner visceral layer = podocytes

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21
Q

Podocytes

A

Wrap around glomerular capillaries

Have foot-like projections to cover capillaries; allow filtration slits to be formed

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22
Q

Filtration membrane

A

Podocytes + fenestrated capillaries

Fluid -> capillaries -> filtration slits -> bowmans capsule

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23
Q

Substances that pass to capsular space

A

H20 , Glucose, Vitamins, AAs, v. Small plasma proteins, urea, ammonia, ions

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24
Q

Substances that stay in blood

A

Albumin, plasma proteins, platelets, RBC + WBC

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25
Renal tubule
Microvilli brush border in proximal convoluted tubule cells Large surface area for reabsorption + secretion Proximal + distal
26
Juxtamedullary apparatus
Where final portion of ascending limb makes contact with afferent arterioles Secretes renin (regulate B.P)
27
Distal collecting duct | 2 cell types
Principle - receptors for ADH + aldosterone Intercalated cells - apical microvilli + many mitochondria - play role in homeostasis of blood pH Drain to large papillary ducts
28
3 processes of urine formation
1. Glomerulus filtration 2. Tubular resorption 3. Tubular secretion
29
Glomerular filtration | out of blood
Blood pressure => water + solutes in blood plasma -> glomerular capillaries = glomerular filtrate
30
Glomerulus filtration: | 3 pressures
Net pressure = 1-2-3 1. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure 2. Capsular HP 3. Blood colonial osmotic pressure
31
Glomerular filtration | Mesangial cells
Between glomerular capillaries (intraglomerular) Contract to decrease surface area of capillaries so filtration decreases
32
Glomerular filtration rate
= amount filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys/min Adult = 105ml/min
33
Glomerular filtration Renin-angiotensin pathway ANP
Increased renin => high B.P Retain water, vasoconstriction Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) - opposes renin-angiotensin pathway - increases BP/vol => decreased renin
34
If glomerular capillaries damaged
Plasma proteins enter filtrate => oedema
35
``` Tubular reabsorption (into blood) ```
Filtered fluid flows renal canal -> collecting ducts Tubule + duct cells return 99% filtered water + solutes to blood flowing through peritubular capillaries Selective process Transport across membrane may be: Active primary - uses ATP, Na+ Active secondary - uses ions electrochemical gradient, glucose Passive - urea, water
36
Tubular secretion | out of blood
As fluid flows along tubule + collecting duct - tubule + duct cells remove substances from blood in peritubular capillaries -> fluid in renal tubules Back up to remove material not filtered out in glomerulus Hormonal regulation
37
Production of urine
``` Dilute = 60 mOsm/kg Conc = 120 mOsm/kg ``` Controlled by ADH = vasopressin
38
If ADH absent
``` Urine = dilute High water:solutes Principle cells (collecting ducts) impermeable to water ```
39
ADH present
Urine = conc Much water reabsorbed into blood due to osmotic gradient maintained by: 1. Differences in solute + water permeability in different sections of loops of Henle and collecting ducts 2. Countercurrent flow in neighbouring desc + asc limbs of loops
40
If too little water in blood
1. Hypothalamus detects 2. Pituitary gland releases ADH 3. Kidneys maintain blood water level 4. Urine more conc/less H20 in water 5. Blood water level returns to normal
41
Diuresis
Production of urine
42
ADH negative feedback
Increases plasma osmolarity Decreased ADH release Decreased plasma osmolarity Increased ADH release
43
Release of ADH
Increased Na+ in extracellular fluid = stimulates | Decreased Na+ in extracellular fluid = inhibits
44
Countercurrent multiplier system
By pumping out solutes, the asc limb indirectly concentrates fluid (-H20) being delivered to desc limb Desc limb permeable to water - asc not If ADH present - water out of collecting duct so conc urine
45
Vasa recta
Solutes in and H20 out as blood flows down (ascends = opposite)
46
Loop of Henle
To set up conc gradient in medulla of kidneys So can conc urine - i.e. reabsorb water back into the body Amount water absorbed out of urine depends on interstitial osmolarity gradient - established by loop of henle Water moves out by osmosis
47
Diuretics
Slow renal absorption of water so decrease urine rate Natural = caffeine (inhibits Na+ reabsorption), alcohol (inhibits ADH secretion) Treat - hypertension, oedema, liver cirrhosis Lead to - dehydration + electrolyte imbalances
48
Evaluation of kidney function | 3 ways
Urinanalysis Blood screening tests Plasma renal clearance
49
Urinanalysis
Analysis of volume, chemical + microscopic properties
50
Urinanalysis | Normal solutes
``` urea, creatinine, uric acid, urobilinogen, other ```
51
Urinanalysis | Detecting abnormal by
``` colour, pH, glucose, ketone bodies, protein, hormone, RBC/WBC count ```
52
Urinanalysis | Abnormal constituents
``` Albuminuria Glucosuria Haematuria Pyuria Ketonuria Bilirubinuria ```
53
Blood screening tests
Blood urea nitrogen - catabolism + deamination of AAs - levels high if low glomerular filtration (renal disease) Plasma creatinine - catabolism of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle - high if poor renal function Dipsticks - measure chemical parameters - e.g. glucose, protein, blood
54
Renal plasma clearance
Measures how effective kidneys are at removing a given substance from blood plasma High = efficient excretion Important for determining correct dosage to maintain adequate therapeutic level of drug
55
Ureters
As bladder fills, pressure compresses oblique openings into ureters + prevents backflow of urine
56
Urination
Involuntary + voluntary muscle contractions | When bladder >300ml, stretch receptors transmit never impulses
57
Polycystic kidney disease
Genetic | Multiple cysts
58
Diabetic nephropathy
``` Occurs with chronic diabetes Albuminuria Thickening glomerulus Abnormal blood vessels High number glomeruli destroyed ```
59
Glomerulonephritis
Primary or secondary autoimmune disease Inflammation of glomeruli Different degrees of hyalinization Such glomeruli atrophic (smaller) + lacking capillaries => non functional
60
Urinary tract infection
Urethritis Cystitis; bladder Pyelitis; walls renal pelvis Pyelonephritis; inflame renal cortex + medulla
61
Dialysis
Blood cleaned artificially through selectively permeable membrane Fluid composition similar to blood except conc of wastes is low
62
Kidney stones/renal calculi
= crystal aggregations are dissolved minerals in urine Due to - ingestion of excessive calcium - scanty H20 intake - abnormal alkaline/acidic urine - overactive parathyroid gland Break down with shock waves High risk foods - rhubarb, spinach, chocolate, peanuts
63
Formation of concentrated urine depends on...
High solute concentration in interstitial fluid

Anatomy (12 decks)

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