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Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

components

A

2 kidneys
2 ureters
1 urinary bladder
1 urethra

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2
Q 
function of kidneys 
(8)
A
  1. regulation of blood ionic composition
  2. maintenance of blood osmolarity
  3. regulation of blood volume
  4. regulation of blood pressure
  5. regulation of blood pH
  6. release of hormones
  7. regulation of blood glucose levels
  8. secretion of wastes and foreign substances
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3
Q

renin

A

kidney secretes

activates renin-angiotensin pathway - increased vasoconstriction => increased blood pressure

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4
Q

calcitriol

A

helps regulate calcium homeostasis by increasing absorption from foods in GI

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5
Q

erythropoiein

A

stimulates RBC production

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6
Q

kidneys: external anatomy

A

concave side: all blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves + ureter enter/leave by the renal hilum

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7
Q

Kidneys external anatomy

surrounded by 3 tissue layers:

A
  • renal capsule; transparent
  • adipose capsule; fat pad
  • renal fascia; connective tissue
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8
Q

Kidneys: internal anatomy

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Parenchyma

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9
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer, smooth, redish

The portions that extend between renal pyramids = renal columns

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10
Q

Renal medulla

A

Inner
Consists of 8-18 cone shaped renal-pyramids
Renal papilla points to centre

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11
Q

Parenchyma

A

Functional portion of kidney

= renal cortex + renal pyramids

Contain nephrons

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12
Q

Travel of urine

A

Formed in nephron -> papillary ducts -> minor -> major calyces -> renal pelvis -> ureter -> urinary bladder

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13
Q

Nephron

2 components

A

Renal corpuscle

Renal tubule

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14
Q

Nephron: renal corpuscle

A

Filters plasma
Glomerulus = mass of capillary loops
Bowmans capsule = surrounds glomerulus

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15
Q

Nephron: renal tubule

A 
Into which filtered fluid passes 
= coiled
Proximal convoluted; attached to bowmans capsule
Loop of Henle; descending/ascending 
Distal convoluted tubule
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16
Q

2 nephron positions

A

Corticol

Juxtamedullary

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17
Q

Corticol nephron

A 
80% nephrons are this type
Renal corpuscles in outer cortex
Loop Henle = short, in cortex
Blood supply from peritubular capillaries 
Ascending loop limb; thick only
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18
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

20% of nephrons
Renal corpuscles are deep in cortex, close to medulla
Loop Henle = long, in medulla
Blood supply from peritubular capillaries + vasa recta
Ascending loop limb; thin then thick

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19
Q

Kidney - blood supply

A

Abundant blood vessels

  • to remove waste from blood
  • regulate composition + volume

Receive 25% resting cardiac output

Glomerular capillaries between afferent + efferent arterioles

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20
Q

Glomerular capsule

A

Outer parietal layer = simple squamous epithelial

Inner visceral layer = podocytes

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21
Q

Podocytes

A

Wrap around glomerular capillaries

Have foot-like projections to cover capillaries; allow filtration slits to be formed

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22
Q

Filtration membrane

A

Podocytes + fenestrated capillaries

Fluid -> capillaries -> filtration slits -> bowmans capsule

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23
Q

Substances that pass to capsular space

A

H20 , Glucose, Vitamins, AAs, v. Small plasma proteins, urea, ammonia, ions

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24
Q

Substances that stay in blood

A

Albumin, plasma proteins, platelets, RBC + WBC

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25
Q

Renal tubule

A

Microvilli brush border in proximal convoluted tubule cells

Large surface area for reabsorption + secretion

Proximal + distal

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26
Q

Juxtamedullary apparatus

A

Where final portion of ascending limb makes contact with afferent arterioles

Secretes renin (regulate B.P)

27
Q

Distal collecting duct

2 cell types

A

Principle
- receptors for ADH + aldosterone

Intercalated cells

  • apical microvilli + many mitochondria
  • play role in homeostasis of blood pH

Drain to large papillary ducts

28
Q

3 processes of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerulus filtration
  2. Tubular resorption
  3. Tubular secretion
29
Q

Glomerular filtration

out of blood

A

Blood pressure => water + solutes in blood plasma -> glomerular capillaries = glomerular filtrate

30
Q

Glomerulus filtration:

3 pressures

A

Net pressure = 1-2-3

  1. Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure
  2. Capsular HP
  3. Blood colonial osmotic pressure
31
Q

Glomerular filtration

Mesangial cells

A

Between glomerular capillaries (intraglomerular)

Contract to decrease surface area of capillaries so filtration decreases

32
Q

Glomerular filtration rate

A

= amount filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys/min

Adult = 105ml/min

33
Q

Glomerular filtration
Renin-angiotensin pathway
ANP

A

Increased renin => high B.P
Retain water, vasoconstriction

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

  • opposes renin-angiotensin pathway
  • increases BP/vol => decreased renin
34
Q

If glomerular capillaries damaged

A

Plasma proteins enter filtrate => oedema

35
Q 
Tubular reabsorption
(into blood)
A

Filtered fluid flows renal canal -> collecting ducts

Tubule + duct cells return 99% filtered water + solutes to blood flowing through peritubular capillaries

Selective process

Transport across membrane may be:
Active primary - uses ATP, Na+
Active secondary - uses ions electrochemical gradient, glucose
Passive - urea, water

36
Q

Tubular secretion

out of blood

A

As fluid flows along tubule + collecting duct - tubule + duct cells remove substances from blood in peritubular capillaries -> fluid in renal tubules

Back up to remove material not filtered out in glomerulus

Hormonal regulation

37
Q

Production of urine

A 
Dilute = 60 mOsm/kg
Conc = 120 mOsm/kg

Controlled by ADH = vasopressin

38
Q

If ADH absent

A 
Urine = dilute
High water:solutes
Principle cells (collecting ducts) impermeable to water
39
Q

ADH present

A

Urine = conc
Much water reabsorbed into blood due to osmotic gradient maintained by:
1. Differences in solute + water permeability in different sections of loops of Henle and collecting ducts
2. Countercurrent flow in neighbouring desc + asc limbs of loops

40
Q

If too little water in blood

A
  1. Hypothalamus detects
  2. Pituitary gland releases ADH
  3. Kidneys maintain blood water level
  4. Urine more conc/less H20 in water
  5. Blood water level returns to normal
41
Q

Diuresis

A

Production of urine

42
Q

ADH negative feedback

A

Increases plasma osmolarity
Decreased ADH release

Decreased plasma osmolarity
Increased ADH release

43
Q

Release of ADH

A

Increased Na+ in extracellular fluid = stimulates

Decreased Na+ in extracellular fluid = inhibits

44
Q

Countercurrent multiplier system

A

By pumping out solutes, the asc limb indirectly concentrates fluid (-H20) being delivered to desc limb

Desc limb permeable to water - asc not

If ADH present - water out of collecting duct so conc urine

45
Q

Vasa recta

A

Solutes in and H20 out as blood flows down (ascends = opposite)

46
Q

Loop of Henle

A

To set up conc gradient in medulla of kidneys

So can conc urine - i.e. reabsorb water back into the body

Amount water absorbed out of urine depends on interstitial osmolarity gradient - established by loop of henle

Water moves out by osmosis

47
Q

Diuretics

A

Slow renal absorption of water so decrease urine rate

Natural = caffeine (inhibits Na+ reabsorption), alcohol (inhibits ADH secretion)

Treat - hypertension, oedema, liver cirrhosis

Lead to - dehydration + electrolyte imbalances

48
Q

Evaluation of kidney function

3 ways

A

Urinanalysis
Blood screening tests
Plasma renal clearance

49
Q

Urinanalysis

A

Analysis of volume, chemical + microscopic properties

50
Q

Urinanalysis

Normal solutes

A 
urea, 
creatinine, 
uric acid, 
urobilinogen, 
other
51
Q

Urinanalysis

Detecting abnormal by

A 
colour, 
pH, 
glucose, 
ketone bodies, 
protein, 
hormone, 
RBC/WBC count
52
Q

Urinanalysis

Abnormal constituents

A 
Albuminuria
Glucosuria
Haematuria
Pyuria
Ketonuria
Bilirubinuria
53
Q

Blood screening tests

A

Blood urea nitrogen

  • catabolism + deamination of AAs
  • levels high if low glomerular filtration (renal disease)

Plasma creatinine

  • catabolism of creatine phosphate in skeletal muscle
  • high if poor renal function

Dipsticks

  • measure chemical parameters
  • e.g. glucose, protein, blood
54
Q

Renal plasma clearance

A

Measures how effective kidneys are at removing a given substance from blood plasma

High = efficient excretion

Important for determining correct dosage to maintain adequate therapeutic level of drug

55
Q

Ureters

A

As bladder fills, pressure compresses oblique openings into ureters + prevents backflow of urine

56
Q

Urination

A

Involuntary + voluntary muscle contractions

When bladder >300ml, stretch receptors transmit never impulses

57
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

Genetic

Multiple cysts

58
Q

Diabetic nephropathy

A 
Occurs with chronic diabetes
Albuminuria
Thickening glomerulus
Abnormal blood vessels
High number glomeruli destroyed
59
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Primary or secondary autoimmune disease
Inflammation of glomeruli
Different degrees of hyalinization
Such glomeruli atrophic (smaller) + lacking capillaries => non functional

60
Q

Urinary tract infection

A

Urethritis
Cystitis; bladder
Pyelitis; walls renal pelvis
Pyelonephritis; inflame renal cortex + medulla

61
Q

Dialysis

A

Blood cleaned artificially through selectively permeable membrane

Fluid composition similar to blood except conc of wastes is low

62
Q

Kidney stones/renal calculi

A

= crystal aggregations are dissolved minerals in urine

Due to

  • ingestion of excessive calcium
  • scanty H20 intake
  • abnormal alkaline/acidic urine
  • overactive parathyroid gland

Break down with shock waves

High risk foods - rhubarb, spinach, chocolate, peanuts

63
Q

Formation of concentrated urine depends on…

A

High solute concentration in interstitial fluid

Anatomy (12 decks)

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