Respiratory system

Question 1

upper tract

Answer 1

nose

pharynx

Question 2

lower tract

Answer 2

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

Question 3

nasal cavity

Answer 3

inside nose
delivers clean air to pharynx
hairs trap dust
divided 1/2

Question 4

respiration

Answer 4

utilisation of O2 in the metabolism of organic molecules by cells

exchanges of O2 and CO2 between an organism and external environment

Question 5

Functions (8)

Answer 5

provision of O2
elimination of CO2
regulation of pH of blood
phonation
protection
emotional expression
muscles: abdominal compression
olfactory sensations

Question 6

5 steps of respiration

Answer 6

1. ventilation
2. gas exchange
3. gas transport
4. gas exchange
5. cellular respiration

Question 7

movement of air

Answer 7

because of pressure differences - high to low

low volume = high pressure
high volume = low volume

Question 8

inspiration/inhalation

Answer 8

diaphragm flattens
muscles elevate ribs and sternum
increased size of thoracic cavity

Question 9

expiration

Answer 9

muscles depress ribs and sternum
decreased size thoracic cavity
passive - elastic lung recoil

Question 10

air movement

Answer 10

results from differences between atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure

at rest = equal pressures
inhalation: atmospheric > alveolar

Question 11

pleural cavity

Answer 11

space between lung and chest wall

Question 12

intrapleural pressure:

If Pip < Palv…

Answer 12

alveolar expand

Question 13

factors affecting pulmonary airflow

Answer 13

1. surface tension of alveolar fluid (overcome by surfactant)
2. effort required to stretch lung + thoracic wall
3. airway resistance - decreases as diameter of airways increases

Question 14

4 pulmonary volumes

Answer 14

tidal volume
inspiration reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume

Question 15

Tidal volume

Answer 15

amount of air moved into or out of lungs during a normal inspiration of exhalation

Question 16

inspiration reserve volume

Answer 16

amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume

Question 17

expiratory volume

Answer 17

amount expired forcefully after normal tidal volume expiration

Question 18

residual volume

Answer 18

still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration

Question 19

pulmonary capacities

Answer 19

sum of 2+ pulmonary volumes

Question 20

functional residual capacity

Answer 20

amount in lungs after normal expiration

Question 21

vital capacity

Answer 21

max can expel after max inspiration

Question 22

measuring volumes diagnoses problems

Answer 22

asthma
lung cancer
bronchitis
emphysema
scoliosis

Question 23

efficiency of respiratory membrane

4

Answer 23

1. substantial differences in partial pressures so fast exchange rate
2. small distances - thin respiratory membrane
3. gases lipid soluble
4. total surface area = large

Question 24

haemoglobin

Answer 24

O2 bound to iron ions in centre each haem unit (4x units)

each RBC > billion o2 molecules

Question 25

4 factors influence binding O2 to Hb

Answer 25

1. saturation curve; once 1st bound then 2nd easier. if curve to right, O2 released to tissues (high temp + low pH) 2. Blood pH - H+ binds to protein part of Hb which affects shape of Hb which affects amount of O2 carried 3. temperature - as increases Hb releases more O2 4. ongoing metabolic activity within RBC - BPG produced during glycolysis increases release of O2

Question 26

foetal haemoglobin

Answer 26

different structure gives it higher affinity for O2

Question 27

high altitude

Answer 27

increased resp rate increased heart rate elevated haematocrit

Question 28

transport of CO2 | 3 main forms

Answer 28

dissolved CO2 in plasma bound to protein portion of Hb Bicarbonate ions - H+ binds to Hb, acts as buffers

Question 29

regulation

Answer 29

can vary depth and rate brains respiratory centre: 2 areas of stem - pons - medulla oblongata

Question 30

Pons

Answer 30

pneumotaxic area - inhibit inspiration | apneustic area - stimulate inspiration

Question 31

medulla oblongata

Answer 31

inspiratory area - autorythmic neurons | expiratory area - normally inactive

Question 32

SIDS

Answer 32

sudden infant death syndrome respiration centres establishing connections with other parts of brain

Question 33

the bends

Answer 33

decompression sickness sudden rise to surface => decrease in pressure damages tissues, block blood flow

Question 34

smoking

Answer 34

nicotine constricts bronchioles decreases airflow CO > O2 binds to Hb irritants: increase mucus secretions, destroy cilia destruction of elastic fibres

Question 35

cystic fibrosis

Answer 35

inherited thick mucus blocks ducts => inflammation affects airways, liver, pancreas, small intestine and sweat glands destruction of lung tissue