Respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

upper tract

A

nose

pharynx

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2
Q

lower tract

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs

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3
Q

nasal cavity

A

inside nose
delivers clean air to pharynx
hairs trap dust
divided 1/2

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4
Q

respiration

A

utilisation of O2 in the metabolism of organic molecules by cells

exchanges of O2 and CO2 between an organism and external environment

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5
Q

Functions (8)

A
provision of O2
elimination of CO2
regulation of pH of blood
phonation
protection
emotional expression
muscles: abdominal compression
olfactory sensations
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6
Q

5 steps of respiration

A
  1. ventilation
  2. gas exchange
  3. gas transport
  4. gas exchange
  5. cellular respiration
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7
Q

movement of air

A

because of pressure differences - high to low

low volume = high pressure
high volume = low volume

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8
Q

inspiration/inhalation

A

diaphragm flattens
muscles elevate ribs and sternum
increased size of thoracic cavity

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9
Q

expiration

A

muscles depress ribs and sternum
decreased size thoracic cavity
passive - elastic lung recoil

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10
Q

air movement

A

results from differences between atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure

at rest = equal pressures
inhalation: atmospheric > alveolar

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11
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between lung and chest wall

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12
Q

intrapleural pressure:

If Pip < Palv…

A

alveolar expand

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13
Q

factors affecting pulmonary airflow

A
  1. surface tension of alveolar fluid (overcome by surfactant)
  2. effort required to stretch lung + thoracic wall
  3. airway resistance - decreases as diameter of airways increases
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14
Q

4 pulmonary volumes

A

tidal volume
inspiration reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume

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15
Q

Tidal volume

A

amount of air moved into or out of lungs during a normal inspiration of exhalation

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16
Q

inspiration reserve volume

A

amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after inspiration of normal tidal volume

17
Q

expiratory volume

A

amount expired forcefully after normal tidal volume expiration

18
Q

residual volume

A

still remaining in respiratory passages and lungs after most forceful expiration

19
Q

pulmonary capacities

A

sum of 2+ pulmonary volumes

20
Q

functional residual capacity

A

amount in lungs after normal expiration

21
Q

vital capacity

A

max can expel after max inspiration

22
Q

measuring volumes diagnoses problems

A
asthma
lung cancer
bronchitis
emphysema
scoliosis
23
Q

efficiency of respiratory membrane

4

A
  1. substantial differences in partial pressures so fast exchange rate
  2. small distances - thin respiratory membrane
  3. gases lipid soluble
  4. total surface area = large
24
Q

haemoglobin

A

O2 bound to iron ions in centre each haem unit (4x units)

each RBC > billion o2 molecules

25
Q

4 factors influence binding O2 to Hb

A
  1. saturation curve; once 1st bound then 2nd easier. if curve to right, O2 released to tissues (high temp + low pH)
  2. Blood pH - H+ binds to protein part of Hb which affects shape of Hb which affects amount of O2 carried
  3. temperature - as increases Hb releases more O2
  4. ongoing metabolic activity within RBC - BPG produced during glycolysis increases release of O2
26
Q

foetal haemoglobin

A

different structure gives it higher affinity for O2

27
Q

high altitude

A

increased resp rate
increased heart rate
elevated haematocrit

28
Q

transport of CO2

3 main forms

A

dissolved CO2 in plasma
bound to protein portion of Hb
Bicarbonate ions - H+ binds to Hb, acts as buffers

29
Q

regulation

A

can vary depth and rate
brains respiratory centre: 2 areas of stem
- pons
- medulla oblongata

30
Q

Pons

A

pneumotaxic area - inhibit inspiration

apneustic area - stimulate inspiration

31
Q

medulla oblongata

A

inspiratory area - autorythmic neurons

expiratory area - normally inactive

32
Q

SIDS

A

sudden infant death syndrome

respiration centres establishing connections with other parts of brain

33
Q

the bends

A

decompression sickness

sudden rise to surface => decrease in pressure
damages tissues, block blood flow

34
Q

smoking

A

nicotine constricts bronchioles decreases airflow
CO > O2 binds to Hb
irritants: increase mucus secretions, destroy cilia
destruction of elastic fibres

35
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

inherited
thick mucus blocks ducts => inflammation

affects airways, liver, pancreas, small intestine and sweat glands

destruction of lung tissue