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Digestive System Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

4 functions

A

Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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2
Q

Digestive tract

A 
Oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
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3
Q

Accessory glands

A 
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas
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4
Q

3 steps of digestion

A

Mechanical
Chemical breakdown
Secretion

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5
Q

4 layers of GI tract

A
  1. Mucosa
    - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa
  2. Submucosa
    - elasticity + distensibility, larger bv, submucosa plexus nerve network
  3. Muscularis externa
    - major SMC coat, circular to decrease diameter
  4. Serosa
    - serous membrane, lines body cavity, not open to eternal surface
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6
Q

3 glands associated with GI tract

A

Unicellular mucosa glands (in mucosa)

Multicellular glands (in mucosa + submucosa)

Multicellular glands (outside GI)

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7
Q

Mouth/oral/buccal cavity

Functions
Enclosed by

A

Ingestion, taste, chewing, chemical digestion, swallowing, speech

Cheeks, lips, palate, tongue

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8
Q

Salivary glands

Intrinsic

A

Small, dispersed amid oral tissues

Lingual - tongue
Labial - inside lips
Buccal - cheeks

Small amounts saliva - contains lingual lipase + lysozyme which moisten mouth + inhibit bacteria

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9
Q

Salivary glands

Extrinsic

A

Larger, 3 pairs outside mucosa with ducts

Submandibular
Parotid
Sublingual
Salivary mucus

Thinner fluid - amylase + electrolytes

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10
Q

Saliva

A

99.4% water

0.6% includes
- electrolytes, buffers, glycoproteins
= mucins, enzymes, waste products

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11
Q

Saliva

Control of secretion

A

Constant stimulation by parasympathetic nerve endings

Trigger reflex - object in mouth, smell, chew, think

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12
Q

Stomach

A

Food storage organ
Mechanically breaks up food
Begins chemical digestion: protein + some fats => chyme

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13
Q

4 regions of stomach

A

Cardiac
Fundus
Body
Pyloric

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14
Q

Rugae

A

Empty stomach
Mucosa forms folds

Flatten out when full

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15
Q

Stomach

Gastric pits

A

Shallow depressions in mucosa
Cells at base continuously divide
At base = 2 or 3 tubular glands

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16
Q

Gastric secretions

A

HCl secreted by gastric parietal cells

H+ & Cl- transported independently

  • H+ from CO2 + H2O -> carbonic acid
  • H+ exchanged for K+
  • bicarbonate ion Cl-
  • H+ + Cl- -> HCl
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17
Q

Stomach acid functions

A

Activates pepsin + lipase
Breaks up connective tissue + plant cell walls => chyme
Converts ferric -> ferrous so can absorb and form Hb
Destroy ingested bacteria etc

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18
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cell glycoprotein
Essential for absorption of Vit B12 by small intestine
Cannot synthesise Hb without
Leads to pernicious anaemia

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19
Q

Chief cell

A

Chief cell -> pepsinogen pepsin

In infants chief cells secrete

  • gastric lipase
  • rennin
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20
Q

Chemical messengers

Secreted by enteroendocrine cells

A

Gastrin - stimulates gastric gland
Serotonin - stimulates gastric motility
Histamine - stimulates HCl secretion
Somatostatin - inhibits gastric secretion, delays emptying of stomach

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21
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of gastric mucosa

Alcohol, aspirin, stress, bacterial infection

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22
Q

Peptic ulcer

A

Erosion through lining
Gastric or duodenal
Treatment = antibiotics or Tagamet to reduce acid production
(H.pylori bacteria)

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23
Q

Peristalsis

A

Waves of muscular relaxations and contractions that moves material through most of GI

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24
Q

Regulation of gastric function

Names of 3 phases

A

To cope with full + empty stomach

  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
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25
Cephalic phase
Prepare stomach for food arrival Short (mins) Neural mechanism (CNS), e.g. think/chew food Increased vol gastric juice
26
Gastric phase
Enhance secretions Long (3-4hrs) Neural - stomach distension, hormonal local Increases acid, pepsinogen
27
Intestinal phase
Control rate of chyme entry to duodenum Long (hours) Neural - contents enter duodenum, hormonal secondary Inhibit gastric motility phase
28
Small intestine | 3 parts
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
29
Duodenum
2 small mounds inside - lesser duodenal papillary - major duodenal papillary Common bile duct Pancreatic duct
30
Duodenum modifications to aid digestion + absorption
1. Circular folds of mucosa + submucosa 2. Villi of mucosa - contain blood capillary network + lymph capillary 3. Microvilli - brush border
31
Duodenum mucosa: | 4 major cell types
1. Absorptive cells - microvilli, produce enzymes, absorb digested foods 2. Goblet cells - produce protective mucus 3. Granular cells - protect epithelium from bacteria 4. Enteroendocrine cells
32
crypts of Lieberkuhn / intestinal glands
Base of duodenal villi have tubular invaginations
33
Duodenum cells that migrate from intestinal glands to cover surface of villi
Absorptive and goblet
34
Duodenum cells that stay at base of gland
Granular and endocrine
35
Duodenal glands (brunners) open into the base of intestinal glands of.....
Coiled tubular mucosa intestinal glands of submucosa
36
As progress through small intestine gradual decrease of... (4)
Diameter Wall thickness No of circular folds No of villi
37
Major sites of nutrient absorption
Duodenum and jejunum
38
Ileum
Numerous lymph nodes (peyers patches) in mucosa + submucosa
39
Ileocecal junction
Between ileum + large intestine Ring of smooth muscle and 1-way ileocecal valve
40
Liver
Largest internal organ 2 minor + 2 major loves Porta - entrance + exit of vessels, ducts, nerves
41
Hepatic ducts
1 duct from each L+R lobe | Transport bile out
42
Common hepatic duct
Combined L+R ducts
43
Common bile duct
Common hepatic duct + cystic duct (from gall bladder)
44
Gall bladder stores
Bile
45
Portal triad
At corner of each lobule, consists: - hepatic portal vein - hepatic artery - hepatic (bile) duct - hepatic nerves + lymphatic vessels
46
Hepatic vein
Central vein in centre of each lobule unite Empty into inferior vena cava
47
Hepatic cords
Radiate out from central vein of each lobule
48
Hepatic sinusoids
Spaces between hepatic cords Blood channels Kupffer cells
49
Hepatocytes
Functional cells of liver
50
Hepatocytes: | 4 major functions
Bile synthesis Storage Biotransformation Synthesis of blood components
51
Bile canaliculi
Lie between hepatocytes with each cord | Takes bile -> bile duct (end up in gall bladder)
52
Bile contains:
``` Bile salts Cholesterol Biliverdin + bilirubin Mucus, fat + lecithin Cells + cell debris ```
53
Bile salts | 4 functions
Emulsify fats so lipases act on them Help solubilise end products Make products available for absorption by internal mucosa Aid peristalsis
54
Gall bladder | 3 tunics form wall:
Inner mucosa with rugae SMC muscularis Outer covering of serosa Connected to common bile duct by cystic duct
55
Pancreas
Both endocrine + exocrine tissues Endo = islets of langerhans
56
Pancreatic ducts | 5
``` Small intercalated ducts Intralobular ducts Interlobular ducts Main pancreatic duct Common bile duct ```
57
Pancreas: | Secretes
``` Trypsin Amylase Lipase Ribonuclease Cholesterol esterase Bicarbonate ions ```
58
Large intestines
No enzymes produced | H2O reabsorption
59
Large intestine: | 4 regions
Cecum Colon Rectum Anal canal
60
Vermiform appendix
Many lymph nodules in walls
61
Cecum
Small intestines meet at cecum
62
Appendicitis
Inflammation of v. Appendix
63
Perionitis
If appendix bursts
64
Colon | 4 parts
Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid Larger diameter + thinner wall than s intestine
65
Taenia coli
3 bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run entire length of colon
66
Colon: | Haustra
Pouches | Permit expansion + elongation
67
Colon: | Major characteristics
Lack of villi Distinctive intestinal glands = crypts with abundance of goblet cells
68
Rectum
Straight, muscular tube Last 15cm of digestive tract Expandable organ for temporary storage of fecal material Movement into it triggers urge to defecate
69
Anal canal
Last portion of rectum | Contains renal columns - joined by transverse folds
70
Haemorrhoids
Enlargement/inflammation of veins supplying anal canal | Pain, itching, bleeding

Anatomy (12 decks)

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