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Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(135 cards)

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1
Q

Angiology

A
  • study of the blood vessels and their disorders
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2
Q

Cardiology

A
  • study of the heart and its diseases
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3
Q

Dog Heart Location

A
  • 3rd to 6th rib
  • > 3-5th ICS
  • more vertical
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4
Q

Cat Heart Location

A
  • 3/4 to 6/7th rib
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5
Q

Apex of the Heart

A
  • slightly to the left
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6
Q

Great vessels

A
  • found at the base of the heart
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7
Q

Phrenico-pericardiac ligament

A
  • connects the heart to the diaphragm
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8
Q

Cat heart Structure

A
  • The long axis of the heart forms a more acute angle with the sternum
  • Greater area of sternal contact
  • More oblique/narrow
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9
Q

Lungs in relation to the Heart

A
  • thinner pulmonary tissue layer on the left side
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10
Q

Cardiac Notch

A
  • on the right side only in the lungs dogs

- on both sides of the lungs in the cat

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11
Q

The Trachea and the esophagus

A
  • at the base of the heart
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12
Q

Phrenic and Vagus Nerve

A
  • related laterally
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13
Q

Pericardium

A
  • outer covering of the heart which is composed of 3 layer
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14
Q

Visceral Pericardium/Epicardium

A
  • the layer which covers the heart wall

- practically inseparable

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15
Q

Parietal Pericardium

A
  • The outer layer which is attached to the mediastinum
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16
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A
  • The space between visceral and parietal pericardium, which is essentially a potential space containing small amount of serous fluid
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17
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A
  • The third layer, fibrous connective tissue, which attaches the parietal pericardium to the mediastinal pleura (mediastinum)
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18
Q

The Fibrous pericardium

A
  • it continues as tunica adventitia of the great vessels at the base of the heart
  • forms the Phrenico-pericardiac ligament at the apex of the heart
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19
Q

Surgeon’s Pericardium

A
  • the three layers a surgeon cuts through to reach the heart wall
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20
Q

Surgeon’s Pericardium

A
  1. Pericardial pleura (pericardial mediastinal pleura)
  2. Parietal pericardium
  3. Fibrous pericardium
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21
Q

Heart

A
  • 4 chambers
  • > 2 atria and 2 ventricles
    1. Right Atrium
    2. Right Ventricle
    3. Left Atrium
    4. Left Ventricle
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22
Q

The Base

A
  • Thin walled atria
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23
Q

The Apex

A
  • the ventral end of the left ventricle
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24
Q

The Auricle

A
  • a small blind sac extended from an atrium

- has crenate/serrated margin

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25
Coronary groove
- The Right and Left coronary arteries are located here | - external separation of atria and ventricles
26
Interventricular groove
- Paraconal Interventricular Groove - on the LEFT - Subsinuosal Interventricular Groove - on the RIGHT - > subsinuosal interventricular artery branch of the circumflex artery and middle cardiac artery are within here - external separation of the ventricles
27
Conus arteriosus
- at the beginning of the pulmonary trunk
28
Drains into The Right Atrium
1. Caudal and Cranial Vena Cava 2. Coronary Sinus 3. Right Azygos Vein
29
Blood vessels that drain into the left atrium
1. Right and left pulmonary veins
30
What emerges from the right ventricle
1. The Pulmonary Trunk/Arteries
31
What emerges from the left ventricle
1. The Aorta | - aortic arch
32
Coronary Arteries
- arise from the bulb (dilated origin) of the aorta
33
The Right Ventricle
- this drains into the Pulmonary Artery/Trunk
34
Drains into The Left Atrium
- The Right and Left Pulmonary Veins
35
The left ventricle drains into this
- drains into the Aorta/Aortic Arch
36
Azygos vein
- drains the thoracic wall
37
Coronary Arteries
- right (smaller) and left (larger) - arise from the bulb (dilated origin) of the aorta - located in the coronary groove
38
Left Coronary Artery
- larger, the major artery in the dog and cat 1. Paraconal Interventricular artery Branch - septal artery branch 2. Circumflex Branch Artery - subsinuosal interventricular artery branch
39
Paraconal Interventricular artery Branch
- the septal artery branch runs off of this
40
Circumflex Branch Artery
- the subsinuosal interventricular artery branch runs off this
41
Great Coronary Vein, or Great Cardiac Vein
- major venous drainage from the heart | - it opens into the right atrium as the coronary sinus
42
Right Atrium
- Mostly on the right side, but the auricle extends into the left
43
Right Atrium Components
1. Cranial and Caudal Vena Cava 2. Coronary Sinus 3. Intervenous Tubercle 4. Fossa Ovalis 5. Pectinate Muscles
44
Right Ventricle
- The cavity is crescent shaped | - Right atrioventricular opening has the Tricuspid valve (has 3 major cusps)
45
The right atrioventricular opening
- the Tricuspid valve | - > has 3 major cusps
46
The Tricuspid Valve (right atrioventricular valve)
1. Angular cusp 2. Parietal cusp 3. Septal cusp
47
Intervenous Tubercle
- Prevents turbulence, or the mixing of blood flow from different directions in the cranial and caudal vena cava - Present in the right atrium
48
The left atrio-ventricular opening
- Bicuspid, or Mitral Valve | - > two cusps
49
Aortic Valve
- located at the aortic opening between the left ventricle and aorta - 3 semilunar cusps - > half-moon shaped
50
Aortic and Pulmonary Valve Parts
1. Cavity is the pulmonary sinus 2. Lunule 3. Nodule
51
Pulmonary Valve
- located at the opening/beginning of the Main pulmonary artery/Pulmonary trunk and right ventricle - 3 semilunar cusps - > half-moon shaped
52
Structure of the The Atrioventricular cusps
- are a roughly triangular leaf, or flap of a heart valve
53
The Chordae Tendinae
- support the AV valves and prevent their collapse in the atrial lumen - > the Mitral/Bicuspid Valve and the Tricuspid Valve
54
Both Parasympathetic and Sympathetic divisions of the ANS
- Innervation of the heart
55
Sympathetic Innervation
- Stellate (cervico-thoracic) Ganglia | - Middle Cervical Ganglia
56
Parasympathetic Innervation
1. Right Vagus Nerve innervates the: - Sinoatrial Node (SA node) 2. Left Vagus Nerve innervates the: - Atrioventricular node (AV node)
57
Right Vagus Nerve
- innervates the Sinoatrial Node (SA node)
58
Left Vagus Nerve
- innervates the Atrioventricular Node (AV node)
59
Heart wall Layers
1. Endocardium 2. Myocardium 3. Epicardium/Visceral Pericardium
60
The Left Atrium Components
1. Left auricle 2. Pectinate Muscles 3. Openings of the pulmonary veins
61
Ligamentum Arteriosum
- Fixes the aorta in place and connects it to the pulmonary trunk - in the embryo is the ductus arteriosus
62
Systole
- contraction of the atria/ventricles
63
Diastole
- dilation/relaxation of the atria/ventricles
64
Unidirectional Blood Flow of the Heart
1. From the body to the heart 2. From the heart to the lungs 3. From the heart to the body
65
Point of Maximum Intensity(PMI) for the Left AV (mitral valve) in the Dog
- left side | - 5th ICS at the costochondral junction
66
Point of Maximum Intensity(PMI) for the Left AV (mitral valve) in the Cat
- left side - in the 5th and 6th ICS - at the level of the shoulder joint
67
Point of Maximum Intensity(PMI) for the Aortic Valve in the Dog
- left side | - 4th ICS just above the costochondral junction
68
Point of Maximum Intensity(PMI) for the Aortic Valve in the Cat
- left side - 2nd to 3rd ICS low - > slightly above the pulmonic
69
Point of Maximum Intensity(PMI) for the Pulmonic/Pulmonary Valve in the Dog
- left side - low in the 3rd ICS - > Between the 2nd and 4th ICS - just above the sternum
70
Point of Maximum Intensity(PMI) for the Pulmonic/Pulmonary Valve in the Cat
- left side | - 2nd to 3rd ICS low
71
Point of Maximum Intensity(PMI) for the Right AV (tricuspid valve) in the Dog
- right side - 4th ICS - slightly above the costochondral junction
72
Point of Maximum Intensity(PMI) for the Right AV (Tricuspid valve) in the Cat
- right side - 4th to 5th ICS - level of the shoulder joint
73
In the 5th and 6th intercostal space
- in the standing dog, the apex beat is palpable on both sides here
74
Left Heart Base
- in cats and small dogs, it may be impossible to distinguish the pulmonic and aortic areas - > the pulmonic and aortic areas are referred to as this
75
Buchanan (1995) Method
- ‘vertebral heart size’ measurement
76
Buchanan (1995) method of ‘vertebral heart size’ measurement procedure
- You measure the long and the short axis of the heart and add them together - > Start this measurement from the T4 vertebrae
77
Buchanan (1995) method of ‘vertebral heart size’ measurement Normal Value in Dogs
- 9.7 +/- 1.0 V
78
Buchanan (1995) method of ‘vertebral heart size’ measurement Normal Value in Cats
- <8 V
79
Pericardiocentesis/Thoracocentesis
- It is a surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the sac surrounding the heart
80
Pericardiocentesis/Thoracocentesis in the dog
- surgical puncture at the right 5th or 6th ICS | - > ventral
81
Pericardiocentesis/Thoracocentesis in the cat
- surgical puncture at the right 5th ICS
82
Common Congenital Anomalies
1. Atrial Septal Disease (ASD) - patent foramen ovale 2. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
83
The Acquired heart conditions
1. Congestive heart Failure 2. Chronic Valvular Disease 3. Myocardial Disease 4. Arrhythmias 5. Pericardial disease
84
Congestive heart Failure
- inability to pump enough blood
85
Chronic Valvular Disease
- More commonly, the Mitral valve
86
Myocardial Disease
- weakness or thickening of the heart muscle
87
Arrhythmias
- disturbances in the rhythm
88
Pericardial Disease
- pericardial effusion | - hemopericardium
89
Artery
- thick walled blood vessel | - carries blood away from the heart due to high pressure
90
Arterial Wall
1. Tunica Interna - endothelium - subendothelial CT 2. Tunica Media 3. Tunica Adventitia
91
Tunica Interna of the Arterial Wall
1. Endothelium | 2. Subendothelial CT
92
- Artery -> arteriole -> capillaries
- “a tributary” of the artery
93
Venous Capillaries -> Venules -> vein
- “a tributary” of the vein
94
Vein
- carries blood towards the heart - > in many instances against gravity - wider lumen, thin walled and less elastic
95
Characteristic feature of most veins
- most have valves formed by three semilunar cusps | - resist backflow of the blood
96
Blood pressure
- Fluid in the capillary is squeezed out by this
97
Osmotic attraction
- Fluid re-enters the capillary by this
98
Pulmonary Circulation
- Provides functional blood supply to lung tissue and then brings it back to the heart
99
Pulmonary Circulation Components
1. Pulmonary Artery/Trunk | 2. Pulmonary Veins
100
Pulmonary Trunk/Artery
- deoxygenated blood - arises from the right ventricle - divides into two before entering into each lung - > right and left pulmonary arteries
101
Pulmonary Veins
- Drains into the left atrium - Brings in oxygenated blood - valveless
102
Systemic Circulation
- Provides blood supply to the entire body, but the lungs
103
System Circulation Components
1. Aorta and its branches (main artery) 2. Cranial and caudal vena cava, and azygous vein 3. Portal system 4. Renal Filtration
104
Portal system
- System of veins that carry blood from the abdominal organs to the liver - Detoxification in the liver before the blood enters the general circulation
105
Renal Filtration
- Blood flow through the kidneys for filtration
106
Subclavian artery
- four major branches -> becomes the Axillary artery lateral to the ribs 1. Vertebral Artery 2 Costocervical artery / trunk 3. Superficial cervical artery 4. Internal thoracic artery - Ventral intercostal arteries Order: "vets can save all iguanas"
107
Right subclavian artery
- comes off of the brachiocephalic trunk
108
Left subclavian artery
- comes off of the Aortic Arch/Aorta
109
Aorta
- arises from the left ventricle | - Carries oxygenated blood to the body parts, as well as the heart (systemic)
110
Aorta Components
1. Bulb of the Aorta - left and right coronary arteries arise from here 2. Aortic Arch - the brachiocephalic trunk - the left subclavian artery
111
Bulb of the Aorta
- left and right coronary arteries arise from here
112
Aortic Arch
- Gives rise to the: - The brachiocephalic Trunk - The left subclavian artery
113
The brachiocephalic trunk
- arises from the aorta | - blood supply to the head, neck and right forelimb
114
Left and Right common carotid arteries
- arise independently from the brachiocephalic trunk in the dog and cat
115
Components of the Brachiocephalic Trunk
1. Left and right common carotid arteries | 2. Right subclavian Artery
116
The Thoracic Aorta Visceral Branches
- Two Broncho-esophageal arteries 1. Right - from the right 5th intercostal artery 2. Left - from the right 7th intercostal artery
117
The Thoracic Aorta Parietal Branches
1. Dorsal intercostal arteries (paired) | 2. Dorsal costo-abdominal arteries (paired)
118
Location of the Abdominal Aorta
- Located at the roof of the abdominal cavity slightly on left - > Caudal vena cava accompanies it on the right
119
The Abdominal Aorta Supplies Blood to the
- supplies the diaphragm and aortic hiatus with blood
120
Visceral Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
1. Celiac artery (single) 2. Cranial mesenteric artery (single) 3. Renal Artery (paired) 4. Ovarian / testicular artery (paired) 5. Caudal mesenteric artery (Single)
121
Celiac Artery
- single blood vessel - Supplies major part of the abdominal viscera through its branches - > The liver, spleen and stomach
122
Cranial mesenteric artery
- single blood vessel | - supplies entire small intestine and a major part of the large intestine
123
Caudal Mesenteric artery
- single blood vessel - caudal portion of the large intestine - descending colon and rectum
124
Parietal Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
1. Phrenico-abdominal arteries (paired) 2. Lumbar arteries (paired- each lumbar vertebra) 3. Deep circumflex iliac arteries (paired) 4. External iliac arteries (paired) 5. Internal Iliac Arteries (paired) 6. Median sacral artery (paired)
125
Terminal Parietal Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
1. Internal Iliac Arteries (paired) | 2. Median Sacral Artery
126
Phrenico-abdominal arteries
- paired - Common trunk: Caudal Phrenic + and cranial abdominal - Abdominal wall and diaphragm
127
Lumbar arteries
- paired - > each lumbar vertebra - Lumbar vertebrae and Muscles
128
Deep circumflex iliac arteries
- paired | - outer pelvis and abdominal wall
129
External iliac arteries
- paired | - Pelvic limb (Femoral artery), mamma /scrotum, ventral abdominal wall
130
Internal Iliac arteries
- paired - > parietal and visceral - Pelvic muscles, pelvic viscera, buttock region (perineum)
131
Median sacral Artery
- single - > parietal - sacral vertebrae, caudal vertebrae and tail
132
Venous Return
- from parts of the body to the heart
133
Hepatic Portal Vein
- supplies the hepatic portal system
134
Saphenous and Cephalic Veins
- Superficial Veins in the limbs
135
Satellites of the Arteries
- the veins usually accompany the major arteries

Anatomy (7 decks)

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