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Anatomy > The Abdomen > Flashcards

The Abdomen Flashcards

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1
Q

The Alimentary Tract/Canal

A
  • The passage for transport, physical processing, and storage of food from mouth to anus
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2
Q

The Accessory Organs

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary Glands
  4. Liver
  5. Gall bladder
  6. Pancreas
  7. Anal Sacs
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3
Q

The wall of the digestive tract

A
  • richly supplied with secretory epithelium and intrinsic glands
  • throughout the length, it is lined by the mucous membrane that is continuous with the surface integuments at the mouth and anus
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4
Q

Alimentary Canal Flow

A
  1. Mouth
  2. Pharynx
  3. Esophagus
  4. Stomach
  5. Small Intestine
  6. Large Intestine
    - includes the cecum
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5
Q

Functions of the mouth

A
  1. Prehension
  2. Mastication
  3. Insalivation
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6
Q

Rostral Boundary of the Mouth

A
  • oral fissure, or rima oris
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7
Q

Caudal Boundary of the Mouth

A
  • Fauces

- palatoglossal arches

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8
Q

Rima Oris (oral fissure)

A
  • opening of the oral cavity/mouth

- generally smaller in cats compared to dogs

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9
Q

Organs of the mouth

A
  1. Tongue
  2. Teeth
  3. Opening of the salivary Glands
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10
Q

The Oral Cavity Components

A
  1. The vestibule of the mouth

2. The oral cavity proper

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11
Q

Oral Vestibule

A
  • Space between the teeth and lips

- Contains the Parotid and Zygomatic salivary glands (only in carnivores)

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12
Q

The Oral Cavity Proper Components

A
  • Tongue
  • Teeth
  • gums
  • hard and soft palate
  • palatoglossal arches
  • muscles of the mandible
  • hyoid aparatus
  • mucosa
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13
Q

Oral Cavity Proper

A
  • space inside the teeth

- contains the mandibular and sublingual salivary glands

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14
Q

The Lips (labia oris) Components

A
  • three layers
    1. Skin
    2. Muscle
    3. Mucosa
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15
Q

Muscle Layer of the Lips Components

A
  • orbicularis oris
  • tendons
  • connective tissue
  • glands
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16
Q

Labial Glands

A
  • minor salivary glands in the lips located towards the oral commissure
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17
Q

Cat Lips

A
  • are less mobile and reduced in size
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18
Q

Oral Commissure

A
  • where the lower and upper lip join together
  • make the angle of the mouth
  • > back corner of the lip
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19
Q

Lip Fold

A
  • found on the lower lip
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20
Q

The cheeks (buccae)

A
  • form the caudo-lateral boundary of the oral vestibule
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21
Q

Buccinator Muscle

A
  • the major muscle of the cheeks
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22
Q

Zygomatic Salivary gland

A
  • gland found in the cheeks

- only in carnivores

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23
Q

Shorter Cheeks

A
  • wide gape

- dogs and cats

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24
Q

Wider Cheeks

A
  • narrow gape

- herbivores

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25
The Palate (palatum)
- forms the roof of the oral cavity proper - > roof of the mouth - rostral bony portion and caudal soft portion - > hard and soft palate - separates the respiratory and digestive passage of the head
26
Hard Palate
- the rostral bony portion of the palate - transverse ridges, or rugae - incisive papilla
27
Bones of the Hard Palate
1. Incisive Bone 2. Maxillary Bone 3. Palatine Bone
28
Incisive papilla
- opening of the incisive ducts on both sides | - rostral end of the plate (hard palate)
29
Soft Palate
- caudal portion of the palate formed by muscles, connective tissue and mucosa
30
Soft Palate
- normally lies over the epiglottis which allows for continuous respiration
31
Soft Palate Components
1. Palatoglossal arch 2. Palatopharyngeal arch 3. Palatine tonsils 4. Palatine glands (Salivary)
32
Palatoglossal and Palatopharyngeal arches Function
- lifts the soft palate during swallowing
33
Primary Cleft Palate
- outer and involves the lip - seen easily - developmental issue when the nasal and oral cavities are not closed off by the hard and soft palate
34
Secondary Cleft palate
- is inner and involves the soft and hard palate | - developmental issue when the nasal and oral cavities are not closed off by the hard and soft palate
35
Blood Vessels to Consider while performing a cleft palate repair
1. Major and minor palatine arteries 2. Maxillary artery 3. Common Trunk 4. Infraorbital artery 5. Sphenopalatine artery 6. Dorsal and lateral nasal artery
36
Soft palate muscles for movement
- Palatine Muscles 1. Tensor veli palatini muscles 2. Levator veli palatini muscles 3. Palatopharyngeus
37
Pharynx
- the space between the oral cavity and esophagus | - part of the alimentary canal
38
Components of the Pharynx
1. Oropharynx 2. Nasopharynx 3. Laryngopharynx/Laryngeal pharynx 4. Interpharyngeal Opening - common pharynx
39
Oropharynx
- caudal most part of the oral cavity
40
Nasopharynx
- caudal to the choanae | - > caudal most region of the nasal cavity
41
Interpharyngeal Opening
- common pharynx | - in between all regions
42
Muscles of the Pharynx
1. Pterygopharyngeus 2. Hyopharyngeal muscle 3. Thyropharyngeus muscle 4. Cricopharyngeus muscle 5. Cricothyroideus muscle (Pt-erodactyls H-ide T-heir C-aptain C-runch)
43
Piriform Recess
- area where food crosses the epiglottis to get to the esophagus - located in the laryngopharynx
44
Esophagus/Gullet
- extends from the cricoid cartilage to the cardia of the stomach
45
Esophagus Cervical Part
- trachea and hypaxial muscles
46
Esophagus Thoracic Part
- within the mediastinum | - trachea, lungs, base of the heart, blood vessels and vagus nerve
47
Esophagus Abdominal Part
- very short - Liver - > esophageal notch on the left side
48
Sphincters of the Esophagus
- Cranial/Upper Esophageal Spincter - Caudal/Lower Esophageal Sphincter - Pharyngoesophageal Limen -> Annular constriction at the cricoid, begins esophagus -> demarcates the laryngopharynx and the esophagus
49
Muscles of the Cranial Esophageal Sphincters
1. Cricopharyngeus muscle | 2. Thyropharyngeus muscle
50
Cardiac sphincter
- at the ventricular, or stomach opening | - > opening between the esophagus and the stomach
51
Esophageal wall Comprises
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscular Layer 4. Tunica Adventitia/Serosa - outermost layer
52
Esophageal Wall Muscular Layer comprises
1. Circular Muscle (inner) 2. Longitudinal Muscle (outer) - arrangement is more obvious near the stomach
53
Esophageal Wall outermost layer in the neck
- Tunica Adventitia of the esophagus
54
Esophagus Muscular Coat in the Dog
- striated muscles throughout
55
Esophagus Muscular Coat in the Cat
- smooth muscles in the caudal 1/3
56
Esophagus Lumen
- muscosa has longitudinal folds
57
Esophagus Nerve Supply
1. Vagus Nerve (Parasympathetic) | 2. Sympathetic Nerves
58
Esophageal Obstruction most probable locations
1. Thoracic inlet 2. Base of the heart 3. Esophageal hiatus - thoracic side
59
Esophageal Wall outermost layer in the thorax and abdomen
- Tunica Serosa of the esophagus
60
Megaesophagus
- carnivores are prone | - usually occurs just before the diaphragm
61
benign esophageal stricture
- abnormal narrowing of the esophagus
62
Laryngopharynx/Laryngeal pharynx
- connecting part of the pharynx to the esophagus
63
Abdominal Wall
- supports and protects the abdominal viscera | - creates and maintains pressure in the abdominal and thoracic cavity for abdominal press
64
The Roof of the abdominal wall
- the axial skeleton | - the prime support
65
The wall and floor of the abdominal wall
- formed by the hypaxial muscles of the trunk
66
Abdominal Wall Muscles
1. External Abdominal Oblique muscle 2. Internal Abdominal Oblique muscle 3. Transverse abdominis muscle 4. Rectus abdominis muscle
67
External Abdominal Oblique muscle Origin
- rib cage as well as the lumber region
68
External Abdominal Oblique muscle Insertion
- linea alba | - > ventral midline
69
External Abdominal Oblique muscle Fibers
- fibers run caudo-ventrally
70
Internal Abdominal Oblique muscle Origin
- tuber coxae, aponeurosis of EAO and transverse processes of the caudal lumbar vertebrae
71
External Abdominal Oblique Muscle, Internal Abdominal Oblique muscle, and Transverse Abdominis muscle Insertion
- linea alba
72
Internal Abdominal Oblique muscle Fibers
- fibers run cranio-ventrally | - > muscle fans out
73
Transverse Abdominis muscle Origin
- transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
74
Transverse Abdominis muscle Fibers
- fibers run vertically
75
Rectus Abdominis Muscle
- forms the floor of the abdominal wall
76
Rectus Abdominis Muscle Origin
- caudal sternum
77
Rectus Abdominis Muscle insertion
- pubic bone
78
Rectus Abdominis Muscle Location
- enclosed between the aponeuroses of the other three abdominal wall muscles
79
The Parietal Peritoneum
- lines the abdominal wall | - is connected by means of the transversalis fascia and diaphragmatic fascia
80
Rectus Sheath
- a membrane, or layer formed by the aponeurosis of the abdominal muscles either inside the rectus abdominis muscle or outside the rectus abdominis muscle 1. Internal Rectus Sheath - layers present on the inner side of the rectus abdominis muscle 2. External Rectus sheath - layers present on the inner side of the rectus abdominis muscle -> varies as you go more caudal
81
Internal Rectus Sheath
- Formed by the: 1. Transverse abdominal muscle 2. Internal abdominal oblique muscle 3. aponeurosis
82
Linea Alba
- midline tendinous seam joining the abdominal muscles
83
External Rectus Sheath
- formed by the: 1. Internal abdominal oblique muscle 2. External abdominal oblique muscle 3. Aponeurosis
84
Transverse Cut: Xiphoid Region of the abdominal wall (1)
- 2 layers in and 2 layers out 1. Internal Rectus Sheath - Transverse abdominal muscle - internal abdominal oblique muscle - aponeurosis 2. External Rectus Sheath - internal abdominal oblique muscle - External abdominal oblique muscle - aponeurosis
85
Transverse Cut: Umbilicus Region of the abdominal wall (2)
- 1 layer in and 2 layers out 1. Internal Rectus Sheath - transverse abdominal oblique muscle 2. External Rectus Sheath - internal abdominal oblique muscle - External abdominal oblique muscle - aponeurosis
86
Transverse Cut: Pubic Region of the abdominal wall (3)
- Caudal part of abdominal floor - 0 layers in and 3 layers out 1. Internal Rectus Sheath - Non-existent 2. External Rectus Sheath - internal abdominal oblique muscle - External abdominal oblique muscle - transverse abdominal oblique muscle - aponeurosis
87
Pre-Pubic Tendon
- Tendon of the rectus abdominis muscle | - Just before the pubic bone, it becomes slightly more tough
88
Abdominal Regions- Blood supply to the Abdominal Wall: craniodorsal quadrants
1. Phrenico-abdominal artery - common trunk - > caudal phrenic - > cranial abdominal
89
Abdominal Regions- Blood supply to the Abdominal Wall: cranioventral quadrants
1. Cranial epigastric artery 2. Cranial Superficial epigastric artery 3. Musculophrenic artery - supplies diaphragm and ribs 4. Internal Thoracic artery
90
Abdominal Regions- Blood supply to the Abdominal Wall: Caudaldorsal quadrants
1. Deep circumflex iliac artery
91
Abdominal Regions- Blood supply to the Abdominal Wall: Caudalventral quadrants
1. Caudal epigastric artery 2. Caudal superficial epigastric artery 3. External Pudendal artery
92
Nerve Supply to the Abdominal Wall: T13
- innervated by the costoabdominal nerve
93
Nerve Supply to the Abdominal Wall: L1
- innervated by the Cranial Iliohypogastric nerve
94
Nerve Supply to the Abdominal Wall: L2
- innervated by the Caudal iliohypogastric nerve
95
Nerve Supply to the Abdominal Wall: L3
- innervated by the Ilioinguinal nerve
96
Nerve Supply to the Abdominal Wall: L4
- innervated by the lateral cutaneous femoral nerve
97
Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
1. Styloglossus muscle 2. Hyglossus muscle 3. Genioglossus muscle
98
Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
- Proper lingual muscles 1. The superficial longitudinal fibers 2. The deep longitudinal fibers 3. The transverse and perpendicular fibers
99
Styloglossus Muscle
- retracts the tongue and elevates - short, rostral and long head (3 heads) - Connects the tongue to the stylohyoid bone
100
Hypoglossus Muscle
- retracts the tongue and depresses | - Connects the tongue to the basihyoid bone
101
Genioglossal muscle
- retracts and protrudes the tongue - Connects tongue to the mandible - vertical, oblique and straight fibers
102
Cranial Nerve XII (12)
- nerve that innervates all extrinsic tongue muscles
103
Abdominal Cavity
- the cavity bounded by the walls, roof and floor of the abdomen
104
Peritoneum
- organs in the abdominal cavity are covered by this serous layer, or membrane
105
Visceral Peritoneum
- serous layer that covers the viscera, or organs
106
Parietal Peritoneum
- serous layer that lines the abdominal wall, floor, and roof
107
Peritoneal cavity
- space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
108
Fascia
- lines the abdominal cavity | - Transversalis and Diaphragmatic types
109
Mesentery (connecting peritoneum)
- extends between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
110
Mesoduodenum
- connecting peritoneum (mesentery) of the duodenum
111
Greater and lesser omentum
- connecting peritoneum (mesentery) of the stomach | - mesentery connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs
112
Greater Mesentery
- connecting peritoneum (mesentery) of the jejunum
113
Mesocolon
- connecting peritoneum (mesentery) of the colon | - > suspends it
114
Mesorectum
- connecting peritoneum (mesentery) of the rectum | - > suspends it
115
Dog and Cat
- simple stomach animals
116
Stomach parts
1. Fundus (towards esophagus) 2. Body 3. Pylorus - pyloric antrum - pyloric canal
117
Angular Notch of the Stomach
- more prominent in the cat in comparison to the dog
118
Stomach Location
- located transversely | - between ribs 9-12
119
The Cardia of the Stomach
- provides the only fixed point opposite of the 9th ICS | - > left side
120
Greater Curvature of the Stomach
- faces down towards the intestines
121
Lesser Curvature of the Stomach
- faces towards liver
122
Left Side of the stomach
- fundus and the body of the stomach
123
Right side of the stomach
- the pylorus of the stomach - > pyloric antrum is more proximal - > pyloric canal is more distal
124
Pyloric antrum in the Cat
- the pylori antrum is to the left of the midline
125
Pyloric Canal in the Cat
- the pyloric canal is on the right
126
Parietal Surface of the stomach
- part of the stomach that makes contact with the diaphragm and liver
127
Visceral Surface of the stomach
- part of the stomach that makes contact with other viscera
128
Distended, or in puppies
- stomach does not usually make contact with the abdominal wall unless under these conditions
129
Gastrosplenic Ligament
- Part of greater omentum between the spleen and the stomach
130
Volvulus
- Torsion of Stomach | - twisting of the intestine on itself and its mesentaries
131
Gastric Dilation, or Bloat with or without volvulus
- stomach issue common in deep (narrow) chested dogs
132
The Stomach Wall
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscular Layer 4. Serosa (peritoneal layer)
133
Stomach Wall: Mucosa and Submucosa
- Folds are gastric rugae that contain various gastric glands - Cardiac gland, gastric gland/fundic gland, pyloric gland region
134
Stomach Wall: Muscular Layer
- Inner circular and outer longitudinal | - Cardiac and Pyloric sphincters
135
Cardiac and Pyloric sphincters
- Thickenings of the circular muscle layer in the stomach
136
Small Intestine Parts
1. The duodenum 2. The Jejunum 3. The Ileum
137
The Duodenum
- proximal most part of the small intestine
138
Duodenum parts
1. Descending 2. Transverse 3. Ascending
139
Descending Duodenum Location
- proximal and the most fixed part of the duodenum and small intestine - on the right of the mesentery, or median plane
140
Descending Duodenum
- Contains the cranial duodenum flexure, or proximal S shaped loop - major and minor duodenal papillae
141
Transverse Duodenum (caudal flexure of the duodenum)
- crosses the root of the mesentery, or median plane
142
Ascending Duodenum
- left of the mesentery, or median plane
143
Major and Minor duodenal papillae
- openings that allow secretions from the liver and pancreas to enter the small intestine (duodenum)
144
Major Papillae
- Two openings into the small intestine (duodenum) 1. bile duct (liver) 2. pancreatic duct
145
Minor Papillae
- One opening from accessory pancreatic duct into the small intestine (duodenum)
146
Major Duodenal papilla in Dog
- Pancreatic and common bile duct open at the level of the major duodenal papilla independently - Both are independent, but open through the same major duodenal papilla
147
Major duodenal Papilla in the Cat
- Before they open into the small intestine, the common bile duct and pancreatic duct join together and open into the major duodenal papilla
148
Duodeno-jejunal flexure
- differentiates the duodenum from the jejunum | - from the ascending duodenum to the cecum
149
Jejunum
- Very flexuous portion, remains free in the abdominal cavity - forms the bulk of the small intestine
150
Ileum
- opens into the ascending colon 1. The ileal orifice 2. The ileal papilla 3. The ileocolic sphincter
151
Jejunum location
- On the floor of the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity | - has loops that are spread all over on the ventral aspect of the abdominal cavity
152
Jejunal, or Great Mesentery
- largest mesentery present in the abdominal cavity - attached to the dorsal abdominal wall, or root of the mesentery - contains the jejunal lymph nodes
153
Root of the mesentery
- attaches to the mesentery of the jejunum, or great mesentery - on the dorsal abdominal wall (roof)
154
Jejunal lymph nodes
- Lymphatic drainage from the small intestine | - located close to the root of the mesentery
155
Greater omentum
- between the abdominal floor and jejunal loops | - > forms a barrier
156
Iliocolic Sphincter
- sphincter at the ileocolic opening - consists of modified circular muscle fibers - Problem area for impaction to occur
157
Ileal papilla
- helps prevent reflux of fluid from the LI to the SI - > because the large intestine has a wider lumen than the SI - > prevent back flow specifically from ascending colon to ileum
158
Large Intestine
- wider in diameter | - caudal part of the gut
159
Large Intestine components
1. Cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum
160
Cecum
- Small blind sac | - at the junction between ileum and colon
161
Ceco-colic opening
- where the cecum opens into the ascending colon
162
Ceco-colic sphincter
- guards the ceco-colic opening (cecum into the ascending colon)
163
Cecum in the Dog
- slightly twisted and compartmentalized | - which causes trapped air
164
Cecum in the Cat
- simple and not twisted
165
Colon
- Part of the large bowel located between ileum and rectum
166
Colon parts
1. Ascending Colon 2. Transverse Colon 3. Descending Colon
167
Ascending Colon
- right side of the mesentery | - leads up to the right colic flexure, or hepatic flexure
168
Transverse Colon
- crosses the median plane | - leads up to the left colic flexure, or splenic flexure
169
Descending colon
- the left side of the mesentery
170
Duodenocolic fold
- attaches the colon to the ascending duodenum
171
Rectum
- The caudal most, dilated part of the large intestine - begins at the pelvic inlet - part of this is retroperitoneal
172
Anal Canal
- the caudal part of the rectum which opens through the anus (about 1 cm)
173
Anus
- the terminal opening of the alimentary canal | - guarded by the anal sphincters
174
Anal Sphincters
- guards the anus
175
Tongue
- the major organ of deglutition, taste and prehension
176
Tongue
- root and body are attached - the apex part of this is free - dorso-ventrally flattened organ
177
Tongue
- highly musculature nature for vigorous movements
178
Frenulum linguae of the tongue
- ventral median fold of the tongue - attaches the ventral surface of the body and root of the tongue to the floor of the oral cavity - adjacent to each side of the frenulum linguae
179
Non-Gustatory Papillae
- are the more numerous type of papillae in the tongue | - the other type are sparse
180
Mucosa of the tongue
- rough and tightly adhered to the underlying tissue | - lingual papillae
181
Median Sulcus of the tongue
- Groove down the center of the tongue
182
Gustatory Papillae
- has taste buds 1. Fungiform Papillae 2. Vallate Papillae 3. Foliate Papillae
183
Non-Gustatory, or Mechanical papillae
1. Filiform papillae | 2. Conical Papillae
184
Filiform Papillae
- modified and keratinized papillae on the rostral 2/3 of the dorsal aspect - most numerous and widespread - very important for cleaning and grooming in cats
185
Conical papillae
- the caudal most papillae | - in the oropharyngeal region of the tongue
186
Function of the conical papillae
- the papillae are directed backwards to prevent the return of the food into the oral cavity proper once it enters the oropharynx - > it is then directed into the laryngopharynx and esophagus
187
Sublingual Caruncles
- openings adjacent on each side of the frenulum linguae that allow salivary glands to secrete - > for openings and closing of the ducts of the salivary glands - specifically mandibular and sublingual salivary glands
188
Filiform Papillae
- cat tongue is rough due to this | - cats are cleaner than dogs due to self grooming
189
Marginal Papillae
- papillae only in young | - to help suckling
190
Lyssa
- rod shaped fibrous body embedded in the tongue of carnivores
191
Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
1. The styloglossus muscle - short head, rostral head, long head 2. The hyoglossus muscle 3. The genioglossus muscle - vertical, oblique and straight fibers
192
Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue (proper lingual muscles)
1. The superficial longitudinal fibers 2. The deep longitudinal fibers 3. The transverse and the perpendicular fiber
193
Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
- proper lingual muscles with fibers running in various directions
194
Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
- proper lingual muscles with fibers running in various directions - give the tongue the ability to move in all different possible directions
195
Lingual Artery and vein
- primary blood supply to the tongue | - branch of the external carotid artery
196
Sublingual Artery
- below the tongue and supplies blood to other parts of the oral cavity
197
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII )
- innervates the extrinsic muscles of the tongue
198
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII )
- innervates the extrinsic muscles of the tongue - Nerve supply to muscles so motor in nature - Gives instructions to the tongue
199
Facial nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve, and Vagus Nerve
- Sensory innervation of the tongue provided by multiple nerves - Cranial nerves involved in sensory innervation to the tongue
200
Lingual Nerve
- innervate the rostral part of the tongue
201
Diphyodont
- Only two sets of teeth, deciduous and permanent
202
Polyphyodont
- Teeth continuously replace any that fall out (shark teeth)
203
Brachydont
- Teeth are shorter and cease to grow after crown eruption - Crown and root are the same length - Canines and felines all teeth
204
Hypsodont
- Crown of the tooth is much longer than the root - Part of the crown is embedded into the socket of the bone - Continuous growth of teeth - All permanent teeth of Horses
205
Isognathic Jaw
- Lower jaw is slightly smaller than upper jaw - only one side connects at a time - chewing occurs in a circular motion Ex: Rodents, horses etc
206
Anisognathic Jaw
- Lower and Upper jaw are the same size - both sides of the jaw connect at the same time, - chewing is up and down Ex: Carnivores (dog and cat)
207
Heterodont
- Having different kinds of teeth - characteristic of mammals, whose teeth consist of i 1. Incisors 2. Canines 3. Premolars 4. Molars
208
Arrangement of Teeth
- dental rows or arcades
209
Dental Formula
- a formula that conveniently represents the number and classification of the teeth in a particular species
210
Deciduous Teeth Dental Formula Dog
(Di 3/3 Dc 1/1 Dp 3/3) x 2 = 28
211
Deciduous Teeth Dental Formula Dog
(Di 3/3 Dc 1/1 Dp 3/3) x 2 = 28
212
Deciduous Teeth Dental Formula Cat
(Di 3/3 Dc 1/1 Dp 3/2) x 2 = 26
213
Permanent Teeth Dental Formula Cat
(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1) x 2 | = 30
214
Modified Triadan system
- provides a consistent method of numbering teeth across different animal species
215
Deciduous teeth in dogs
- no teeth for 3 weeks
216
Deciduous teeth in cats
- no teeth for 2 weeks
217
Eruptions Dates of Canine Teeth (Canine)
1. Deciduous - 3-5 weeks 2. Permanent - 5-7 months
218
Eruption Dates of the Premolars and Molar (Canine)
1. Deciduous - 5-6 weeks 2. Permanent - 6-7 months
219
Eruptions Dates of Canine Teeth (Feline)
1. Deciduous - 3-4 weeks 2. Permanent - 5.5-6.5 months
220
Eruption Dates of the Premolars and Molar (Feline)
1. Deciduous - 5-6 weeks 2. Permanent - 5-6 months
221
Carnassial, or Sectorial teeth
- The Superior fourth (Last) premolars and the Inferior first molars are the largest shearing teeth in the mouth in both Dog and Cat
222
Gomphosis
- articulation of the tooth
223
Periodontium
- These include the cementum on the root, the alveolar bone (the socket), and the periodontal ligament, which connects the two across the periodontal space - Thus the tooth is anchored by a cushion of tissues, which allows limited movement of teeth during mastication
224
Periodontium Components
- made up of the: 1. Cementum on the root 2. Alveolar Bone (the socket) 3. Periodontal Ligament
225
Periodontium Function
- allows limited movement of teeth during mastication
226
Periodontal ligament
- Connects the root cementum to the alveolar bone (the socket) across the periodontal space
227
Blood Supply to the Lower Teeth
- Mandibuloalveolar artery and vein
228
Nerve Supply to the Upper Teeth
- Infraorbital nerve
229
Nerve Supply to the Lower Teeth
- inferior alveolar nerve
230
Salivary Gland
- Secretes saliva into the oral cavity through their ducts | - Lubrication, moistening and Amylase
231
Major Salivary glands
1. Parotid salivary gland 2. Mandibular Salivary Gland 3. Sublingual Salivary Gland
232
Minor (small)Salivary Gland
- mucous secretions 1. Labial Glands 2. Buccal Glands 3. Lingual Glands 4. Dorsal Buccal Gland, or Zygomatic Gland 5. Ventral Buccal Gland, or Molar Salivary Gland (cat)
233
Labial Gland
- Lips Mucosa
234
Buccal Gland
- Cheeks Mucosa
235
Lingual Gland
- Tongue Mucosa
236
Dorsal Buccal Gland
- Zygomatic Gland in both dogs and cats (carnivores) it is a well developed minor gland
237
Ventral Buccal Gland
- Molar Salivary Gland in the cat only | - At the angle of the mouth
238
Parotid Salivary Gland
- Located below the auricular cartilage | - Single duct that opens into the oral vestibule at premolar 4 of the upper jaw
239
Mandibular Salivary Gland
- Located at the angle of the mandible | - Single duct that opens into the oral cavity proper at the sublingual caruncle
240
Sublingual Salivary Gland
- Mixed gland - Compact monostomatic part - Diffused polystomatic part
241
Compact monostomatic part of the sublingual salivary gland
- Located just rostral to the mandibular salivary gland | - Opens along with/besides the mandibular salivary duct
242
Diffused polystomatic part of the sublingual salivary gland
- Opens through many ducts along the frenulum linguae
243
Lobation of the Liver
- 4 major lobes 1. Right Lobe (in dog and cat) 2. Left Lobe (in dog and cat) 3. Quadrate Lobe 4. Caudate Lobe
244
Right Lobe (in dog and cat)
- Further divided into Right lateral and medial lobes
245
Left Lobe (in dog and cat)
- Further divided into Left lateral and medial lobes
246
Caudate Lobe
- Caudate process and papillary processes
247
Lobulation of the Liver
- Each lobe is divided into smaller lobules by fibrous tissue trabeculae - > Best observed in the pig liver, not in the dog and cat
248
Liver In dog and cat
- Has distinct lobes (well lobated), but is not well lobulated (lobules)
249
Dog and Cat Size of the lobe is different
- Papillary process is smaller in the cat and larger in the dog
250
Sialocele
- Salivary mucocele - salivary gland is blocked - Since saliva cannot be excreted, mucous or serous fluid creates an edema in the surrounding tissue
251
Sublingual Mucocele- Ranula
- monostomatic sublingual salivary gland is blocked
252
Most common gland blockages
1. Sialocele, or Salivary Mucocele 2. Sublingual mucocele, or Ranula 2. Cervical Mucocele 3. Pharyngeal Mucocele 4. Zygomatic Mucocele
253
Liver
- largest gland in the body | - production of bile for metabolism of protein, carbohydrates and fat
254
Liver Location
- between the diaphragm and the stomach - distributed on the right and the left (3:2) - > halves of the peritoneal cavity
255
Best place to access the liver
- 8th ICS lower best place to access
256
Esophageal notch (notch for the esophagus)
- on the dorsal side of the liver that allows for the passage of the esophagus - > on the left side of the liver
257
Liver
- caudal vena cava is on the dorsal side
258
Oxygenated Blood Supply to the Liver
1. Hepatic Arteries | 2. Cystic Artery
259
Functional Blood Supply to the liver
- Hepatic Portal Vein | - > also O2 and Nutrients
260
Venous Drainage of the Liver
- Hepatic Veins - > Opens into the caudal vena cava as it passes along this structure - > dorsal border
261
Hepatic Veins
- collects blood from the liver and drains it into the caudal vena cava - Caudal vena cava is closely associated with the liver so it can receive blood from the
262
Hilus of liver
- an opening occupied by structures that enter the liver 1. Hepatic Portal Vein, or Portal vein 2. Hepatic artery 3. Cystic and Hepatic Ducts
263
Hepatic Portal Vein, or Portal Vein
- Bring deoxygenated from the digestive tract to the liver | - brings functional blood to the liver
264
Hepatic Artery
- brings nutritional and oxygenated blood to the liver
265
Common Bile Duct
1. Hepatic ducts 2. Gall Bladder and Cystic Duct - As the hepatic ducts join the cystic duct toward the small intestine it is called this - this enters into the major duodenal papilla, or the opening into the duodenum
266
Gall Bladder Location
- between the quadrate and right medial lobe
267
Pancreas
- combined exocrine and endocrine gland - right and left lobes - body
268
Pancreas
- combined exocrine and endocrine gland | - Body splits into right and left lobes
269
Sympathetic NS Innervation to the Liver
- Right celiac ganglion
270
Organs related to the Pancreas
- Associated with the duodenum, stomach, right kidney, liver
271
Right Lobe of the Pancreas
- extends along the duodenum | - Enclosed within the mesoduodenum
272
Major, or Greater Pancreatic Duct
- Common opening into the major duodenal papilla with the bile duct into the duodenum
273
Lesser, or Minor/Accessory Pancreatic Duct
- Opens independently through the minor duodenal papilla into the duodenum
274
Accessory/Minor/Lesser duodenal papilla in the cat
- Inconsistent in cats | - Only 20% of cats have this
275
Sphincters of the Anus
1. Internal Anal Sphincter | 2. External Anal Sphincter
276
Internal Anal Sphincter
- circular muscles - > smooth muscle - involuntary control - associated with the wall of the rectum
277
External Anal Sphincter
- striated/skeletal muscles | - voluntary control
278
The Paranasal Sinus (anal sac/glands)
- contains the cavities at the end of the rectum (opening) | - contains the anal glands
279
The Paranasal Sinus (anal sac/glands)
- covered laterally by external anal sphincter | - Located between the internal and external anal sphincters
280
The Paranasal Sinus (anal sac) Function
- Major function is for territory marking - Cavity and mucosa of the cavity has several glands that secretes a sebaceous substance that accumulates here - Sebaceous substance squeezed around anus to keep it moist
281
Dog Anal Glands
- open laterally along the mucocutaneous junction - between 4 o’clock and 5 o’clock - between 7 o’clock and 8 o’clock - > in relation to the anus
282
Dog Anal Glands
- open laterally along the mucocutaneous junction - between 4 o’clock and 5 o’clock - between 7 o’clock and 8 o’clock - > in relation to the anus
283
Cat Anal Glands
- open as a small projections some distance lateral to the anus - > slightly more away from the anus - between 4 o’clock and 5 o’clock - between 7 o’clock and 8 o’clock - > in relation to the anus
284
Superficial Inguinal Ring
- allows passage of the 1. External pudendal artery and vein 2. Genitofemoral nerve 3. Vaginal tunic carrying the spermatic cord in the male 4. Female have fingerlike projections coming out on both sides called vaginal processes
285
Superficial Inguinal Ring (Inguinal Canal)
- allows passage of the 1. External pudendal artery and vein 2. Genitofemoral nerve 3. Vaginal tunic carrying the spermatic cord in the male 4. Female have fingerlike projections coming out on both sides called vaginal processes
286
Vascular Lacuna
- Opening for femoral artery, vein and nerve
287
Superficial Inguinal Ring, or Vascular Canal
- inguinal or scrotal herniation herniation | - > passing of the small intestinal loops through either of these structures
288
Lingualis proprius
- superficial longitudinal and perpendicular fibers | - > intrinsic Tongue muscles
289
Primary Blood Supply to the Tongue
- Lingual Artery and vein
290
Lingual Branch of the Lingual Facial Vein
- venous drainage from the tongue
291
Chorda Tympani nerve (branch of the facial Nerve)
- Taste buds in the rostral part present in the fungiform papillae are innervated by this
292
Glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve
- Combine to supply the caudal most aspect of the tongue
293
Incisors and Canines
- have one root
294
Incisors, canines and up to first premolar
- have one root
295
Premolars and Molars
- have more than one root
296
All Permanent Teeth
- teeth in the dog and cat and 5-7 months
297
Premolars
- have two roots
298
Last premolar and 2 Molars in the upper jaw
- have 3 roots
299
The upper carnassial tooth
- closely related to the maxillary recess
300
Apical foramen of the tooth
- where blood vessels and nerves enter the pulp cavity (center) of the tooth - > if the teeth has two roots there would be two of these
301
Enamel
- outermost covering of the tooth and the hardest part | - covers the crown
302
Cementum
- is an extension of the enamel - is called this when it reaches the root - > outermost covering of the root
303
Dentine
- is present within the enamel and cementum | - continuous in the crown and root of the tooth
304
Root of the Liver
- the aggregate of the structures that go into or out of the liver
305
Falciform and Round Ligament
- between the quadrate lobe and the left medial lobe
306
Body and Left Lobe of the Pancreas
- Lobe that extends further along the stomach - Enclosed within the deep leaf of the greater omentum - Close contact with: 1. the right kidney on the ventral side 2. Duodenum 3. Descending colon
307
All ligaments of the liver
1. Triangular Ligament 2. Coronary Ligament 3. Round Ligament 4. Falciform Ligament
308
Notches of the Liver
- Dorsal Border 1. Esophageal notch - left side 2. Notch for the caudal vena cava
309
Columnar Zone of the Anal Canal
- Transformation from circular folds to longitudinal folds
310
Intermediate Zone of the Anal Canal
- anocutaneous line | - Transformation from mucus membrane to the skin
311
Intermediate Zone of the Anal Canal
- anocutaneous line - > openings of the paranal sinus/anal glands are here - Transformation from mucus membrane to the skin
312
Cutaneous Zone of the Anal Canal
- skin will have more hair
313
Major Blood Vessel of the Stomach
- celiac artery
314
Celiac Artery
- supplies blood to the spleen, liver, stomach | - First visceral branch of the abdominal aorta
315
Celiac Artery Branches
1. Hepatic artery 2. Splenic 3. Left gastric artery
316
Gastric arteries
- located on the lesser curvature of the stomach
317
Gastroepiploic artery
- located on the greater curvature of the stomach
318
Splenic Artery
- Supplies the spleen | - Continues as left gastroepiploic artery on the greater curvature of the stomach
319
Hepatic Artery
- supplies the liver, pancreas duodenum, part of the stomach - Gastroduodenal Artery - Right Gastric Artery - Right Gastroepiploic Artery
320
Left Gastric Artery
- is the direct branch of the celiac artery
321
Cranial mesenteric Artery
- Supplies blood to the ENTIRE small intestine and part of the large intestine - second visceral branch of the abdominal aorta
322
Caudal mesenteric artery
- supplies blood to the rest of the large intestine
323
Cranial mesenteric Artery
1. Jejunal artery 2. Ileocolic artery 3. Ileal artery (terminal) 4. Caudal Pancreaticoduodenal artery - Responsible for pancreas and duodenum
324
Ileocolic artery
- supplies a major portion of the large intestine | - branch of the cranial mesenteric artery
325
Ileocolic artery Branches
1. Middle colic artery 2. Right Colic artery 3. Colic Branch 4. Antimesenteric ileal artery 5. Cecal branch of the ileocolic artery
326
Caudal Mesenteric Artery
- comes off the aorta - Supplies the rest of the large intestine - > descending colon and part of the rectum
327
Caudal Mesenteric Artery Branches
1. Left colic artery | 2. Cranial rectal artery
328
Middle and Caudal rectal artery
- Branches of the internal pudendal artery | - Mainly retroperitoneal in the rectum
329
Anastomosing Branches of the Jejunum
1. Cranial mesenteric artery and ileocolic artery 2. Right colic artery and left colic artery 3. Jejunal arteries
330
Vasa recti
- smaller, straight branches that are close to the jejunal loops such as this one do not anastomose with each other
331
Caudal Pancreaticoduodenal artery
- comes from the cranial mesenteric directly
332
Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery
- comes from the gastroduodenal artery
333
Venous drainage from the digestive tract
- Hepatic Portal Vein goes through the liver - Almost entire GI tract - Most are satellites of the arteries
334
Major tributaries of the hepatic portal vein
1. Splenic vein (left gastric vein) 2. Gastroduodenal (right gastric vein) 3. Cranial mesenteric vein - Blood collection from all of SI and LI 4. Caudal mesenteric vein - Blood collection from remaining LI
335
Cranial and Caudal Mesenteric veins
- join and enter into the hepatic portal vein, then goes through the liver and then to the general circulation
336
Caudal rectal vein
- anastomoses with the cranial rectal vein, but also drains blood directly from the rectum into the caudal vena cava
337
Purpose of Rectal administration of medicine
- medical technique to bypass the hepatic portal system | - Goes directly into the general circulation
338
Dorsal vagal trunk and ventral vagal trunk of the Parasympathetic nervous system
- Responsible for parasympathetic innervation from the abdominal cavity all the way up to the entrance of the pelvic cavity - Are not responsible for parasympathetic innervation to the pelvic viscera
339
Pelvic nerves
- responsible for the parasympathetic innervation the the pelvic viscera
340
Sympathetic Trunk innervation on the digestive tract
- Major splanchnic nerve - Minor splanchnic nerve - Lumbar splanchnic nerve
341
Sympathetic Trunk
- innervation extends all the way back to the sacrum | - supplies sympathetic innervation to the pelvic viscera

Anatomy (7 decks)

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