Cardiovascular System - Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory

Question 1

delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other vital substances to the tissues of the body and then transports waste materials from the body cells to their elimination sites.

Answer 1

the cardiovascular system—the blood, heart, and blood vessels

Question 2

a fist-sized, four-chambered muscular pump lying within the mediastinum of the thoracic cavity

Answer 2

heart

Question 3

surrounded by a double-layered membrane called the pericardium

Answer 3

heart

Question 4

a double-layered membrane that surrounds the heart

Answer 4

pericardium

Question 5

Blood vessels enter and leave the heart at its broad __________

Answer 5

base

Question 6

the inferior tip of the heart is called the

Answer 6

apex

Question 7

The pericardium consists of an outer, dense irregular connective tissue layer called

Answer 7

fibrous pericardium

Question 8

anchors the heart to surrounding structures

Answer 8

fibrous pericardium

Question 9

The pericardium consists of an outer, dense irregular connective tissue layer—the fibrous pericardium— that anchors the heart to surrounding structures, and an
inner _____________________________

Answer 9

serous pericardium

Question 10

the inner serous pericardium is composed of two layers separated by a narrow serous fluid-filled cavity called the

Answer 10

pericardial cavity

Question 11

reduces friction during muscular contraction.

Answer 11

pericardial fluid

Question 12

the outer layer of the serous pericardium

Answer 12

parietal pericardium

Question 13

is fused to the fibrous pericardium

Answer 13

parietal pericardium

Question 14

the inner layer of the serous pericardium

Answer 14

visceral pericardium

Question 15

is attached to the heart muscle and forms the epicardium

Answer 15

visceral pericardium

Question 16

the outer layer of the heart wall

Answer 16

epicardium

Question 17

The heart wall also contains a middle muscular layer called the

Answer 17

myocardium

Question 18

The heart wall also contains a middle muscular layer called the myocardium and an inner layer called the

Answer 18

endocardium

Question 19

is composed of a specialized simple squamous epithelium that rests on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue, and it is continuous with the innermost lining of blood vessels throughout the body

Answer 19

endocardium

Question 20

Two superior thin-walled chambers

Answer 20

atria

Question 21

receive and direct blood coming into the heart

Answer 21

atria

Question 22

on the outer surface of each atrium is a flap-like structure called an

Answer 22

auricle

Question 23

receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior venae cavae of the systemic circuit and the coronary sinus of the coronary circulation

Answer 23

right atrium

Question 24

receives oxygenated blood from the four pulmonary veins of the pulmonary circuit.

Answer 24

left atrium

Question 25

Lining the right atrium are comb-like muscular ridges called

Answer 25

pectinate muscles

Question 26

provide additional strength to the atrial wall

Answer 26

pectinate muscles

Question 27

The atria are separated by a thin wall called the

Answer 27

interatrial septum

Question 28

A depression in the interatrial septum called the

Answer 28

fossa ovalis

Question 29

is the remnant of the foramen ovale

Answer 29

fossa ovalis

Question 30

an opening between the right and left atria by which the pulmonary circuit is bypassed in the fetus.

Answer 30

foramen ovale

Question 31

Two inferior thick-walled chambers, called _______________, pump blood.

Answer 31

ventricles

Question 32

receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary circuit via the pulmonary trunk, which branches into the left and right pulmonary arteries.

Answer 32

right ventricle

Question 33

the right ventricle receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary circuit via the

Answer 33

pulmonary trunk

Question 34

a band of connective tissue at the point where the pulmonary trunk branches into the right artery and left pulmonary arteries

Answer 34

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 35

is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus

Answer 35

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 36

a fetal blood vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

Answer 36

ductus arteriosus

Question 37

receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the systemic circuit via the ascending aorta.

Answer 37

left ventricle

Question 38

The left ventricle receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the systemic circuit via the?

Answer 38

ascending aorta

Question 39

Both ventricular walls are characterized by the presence of a distinct network of muscular ridges called

Answer 39

trabeculae carneae

Question 40

Four valves within the heart ensure that blood continues flowing in one direction only:

Answer 40

- tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve) - mitral (bicuspid) valve (or left atrioventricular valve) - pulmonary valve (or pulmonary semilunar valve) - pulmonary valve (or pulmonary semilunar valve)

Question 41

prevents backflow of blood from the right ventricle to the right atrium

Answer 41

tricuspid valve (or right atrioventricular valve)

Question 42

prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium

Answer 42

mitral (bicuspid) valve (or left atrioventricular valve)

Question 43

open when the contracting ventricles pump blood into the arteries and then close to prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles.

Answer 43

pulmonary valve (or pulmonary semilunar valve) and aortic valve (or aortic semilunar valve)

Question 44

The tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves are anchored to the _______________________ of the ventricular wall by structures called ________________________

Answer 44

papillary muscles; chordae tendineae

Question 45

is the predominant tissue type of the heart

Answer 45

Cardiac muscle tissue

Question 46

are short, branched, uninucleate cells filled with the contractile proteins action and myosin

Answer 46

Cardiac muscle fibers

Question 47

The regular arrangement of the actin and myosin produces ______________ giving the cells a striped appearance.

Answer 47

striations

Question 48

Individual cardiac muscle fibers are connected by structures called

Answer 48

intercalated discs

Question 49

Intercalated discs contain both

Answer 49

desmosomes and gap junctions

Question 50

anchoring junctions that prevent cardiac muscle fibers from pulling apart during contraction

Answer 50

desmosomes

Question 51

junctions that allow the movement of materials from one cell to the next

Answer 51

gap junctions

Question 52

Deoxygenated blood ejected into the pulmonary trunk by the right ventricle enters the _____________________

Answer 52

pulmonary circuit

Question 53

Oxygenated blood pumped by the left ventricle through the aorta enters the ______________________ and is distributed to all parts of the body before returning to the right atrium via one of the venae cavae.

Answer 53

systemic circuit

Question 54

A branch of the systemic circuit—the _____________________—supplies the myocardium with the oxygen and nutrients needed for muscle contraction.

Answer 54

coronary circulation

Question 55

branches into the marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery

Answer 55

right coronary artery

Question 56

The right coronary artery branches into the

Answer 56

marginal artery and the posterior interventricular artery.

Question 57

branches into the circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery

Answer 57

left coronary artery

Question 58

the left coronary artery branches into the

Answer 58

circumflex artery and the anterior interventricular artery

Question 59

The pulmonary circuit

Answer 59

1. Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs by the right side of the heart. 2. Gas exchange occurs between alveoli and blood in the pulmonary capillaries. 3. Oxygenated blood is returned to the left side of the heart.

Question 60

The systemic circuit

Answer 60

1. Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body by the left side of the heart 2. Gas exchange occurs between tissues and blood in the systemic capillaries. 3. Deoxygenated blood is returned to the right side of the heart.

Question 61

The myocardium is drained by the

Answer 61

great, middle, and small cardiac veins

Question 62

The myocardium is drained by the great, middle, and small cardiac veins, all of which eventually empty into the ______________________, which drains into the right atrium.

Answer 62

coronary sinus