Skeletal System - Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory

Question 1

The skeletal system performs a variety of
functions:

Answer 1

• Protection
• Storage of minerals
• Formation of blood cells
• Storage of fat
• Movement
• Support

Question 2

The major organs of the skeletal
system, exist in a variety of sizes and
shapes.

Answer 2

Bones

Question 3

How many bones in adult human

Answer 3

206 bones

Question 4

The 206 bones of the adult human skeleton are
composed of two different types of osseous
tissue:

Answer 4

• Compact bone
• Spongy bone

Question 5

Is hard and dense and is located just
deep to the periosteum

Answer 5

Compact bone

Question 6

where is compact bone located

Answer 6

deep to the periosteum

Question 7

the dense, irregular connective tissue
membrane that surrounds the bone
and is supplied with blood vessels and
nerves

Answer 7

Periosteum

Question 8

is composed primarily of repeating microscopic units called osteons.

Answer 8

Periosteum

Question 9

Periosteum is composed primarily of repeating microscopic units called __________

Answer 9

osteons

Question 10

repeating microscopic units

Answer 10

osteons

Question 11

located deep to the compact bone, is composed of irregularly arranged trabeculae (beams of bone) with many open spaces that house red bone marrow.

Answer 11

Spongy bone

Question 12

where is spongy bone located

Answer 12

deep to the compact bone

Question 13

trabeculae houses the

Answer 13

red bone marrow

Question 14

(beams of bone) with many open
spaces that house red bone marrow

Answer 14

Trabeculae

Question 15

Two subdivisions of the Skeleton:

Answer 15

• Axial Skeleton
• Appendicular Skeleton

Question 16

make up the vertical axis of the body.

Answer 16

axial skeleton

Question 17

axial skeleton consists of

Answer 17

skull, the vertebral column, and the bony thorax.

Question 18

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 18

consists of the limbs, which include the
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
and the bones of the arms, forearms,
wrists, and hands, plus the pelvic girdle
(coxal bones) and the bones of the
thighs, legs, ankles, and feet.

Question 19

consists of the limbs, which include the
pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)
and the bones of the arms, forearms,
wrists, and hands, plus the pelvic girdle
(coxal bones) and the bones of the
thighs, legs, ankles, and feet.

Answer 19

appendicular skeleton

Question 20

The skeletal system consists of more than bones; it also includes __________________________________________________ throughout the body.

Answer 20

skeletal cartilages, tendons, and ligaments

Question 21

The bones of the human body are classified into five major shapes:

Answer 21

• Long
• Short
• Flat
• Irregular
• Sesamoid

Question 22

• Most of the bones of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 22

long bones

Question 23

are longer than they are wide.

Answer 23

Long bones

Question 24

are roughly cube shaped

Answer 24

Short bones

Question 25

short bones include

Answer 25

bones of the wrists (the carpals) and ankles (the tarsals).

Question 26

flat bones consists

Answer 26

sternum and most of the skull bones

Question 27

having thin, plate-like structures

Answer 27

flat bones

Question 28

example of sesamoid bone

Answer 28

patella

Question 29

- develop within tendons - Round, flat bone found within tendon

Answer 29

sesamoid bones

Question 30

Bones that do not fit into any of the previous categories

Answer 30

irregular bones

Question 31

examples of irregular bones

Answer 31

vertebrae, the coxal bones, and the hyoid bone

Question 32

are tiny bones that develop within sutures

Answer 32

Wormian (sutural) bones

Question 33

joints that connect cranial bones

Answer 33

Sutures

Question 34

are projections, holes, ridges, depressions, and other physical characteristics of bone surfaces.

Answer 34

bone markings

Question 35

serve as attachment sites for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Others are surfaces where bones meet to form joints with other bones, and still others serve as passageways for blood vessels and nerves.

Answer 35

bone markings

Question 36

- Clefts of varying depth in a bone - located where a bone meets another structure, such as another bone or a blood vessel.

Answer 36

Depressions

Question 37

where are depressions located

Answer 37

located where a bone meets another structure, such as another bone or a blood vessel.

Question 38

Shallow convex or concave surface where two bones articulate

Answer 38

facet

Question 39

example of facet

Answer 39

Rib: Articular facet for articulation with a transverse process

Question 40

Indentation in a bone into which another structure fits

Answer 40

Fossa

Question 41

example of fossa

Answer 41

humerus

Question 42

shallow pit

Answer 42

fovea

Question 43

example of fovea

Answer 43

femur

Question 44

Long indentation along which a narrow structure travel

Answer 44

groove (or sulcus)

Question 45

example of groove

Answer 45

rib: costal groove

Question 46

Holes that allow blood vessels and nerves to travel through a bone

Answer 46

Openings

Question 47

permit access to then middle and inner ear encases delicate structures and protect them from trauma.

Answer 47

Openings

Question 48

Tunnel through a bone

Answer 48

Canal (or meatus)

Question 49

example of canal (meatus)

Answer 49

temporal bone: external acoustic meatus

Question 50

Narrow slit in a bone or between adjacent parts of bones

Answer 50

Fissure

Question 51

example of fissure

Answer 51

sphenoid bone: superior orbital fissure

Question 52

hole in a bone

Answer 52

foramen

Question 53

example of foramen

Answer 53

frontal bones: supraorbital foramen

Question 54

Bony extensions of varying shapes and sizes

Answer 54

Projections

Question 55

some provide locations for attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments; some fit into depressions of other bones to stabilize joints.

Answer 55

Projections

Question 56

Rounded end of a bone that articulates with another bone

Answer 56

Condyle

Question 57

example of condyle

Answer 57

Mandible: Mandibular condyle

Question 58

ridge or projection

Answer 58

Crest

Question 59

example of crest

Answer 59

ilium: iliac rest

Question 60

Round projection from a bone’s epiphysis

Answer 60

Head

Question 61

Example of Head

Answer 61

Humerus: Head

Question 62

Small, rounded bony projection; a tuberosity is a large tubercle

Answer 62

Tubercle and tuberosity

Question 63

Example of Tubercle and Tuberosity

Answer 63

Humerus: Deltoid tuberosity

Question 64

Small projection usually proximal to a condyle

Answer 64

Epicondyle

Question 65

example of epicondyle

Answer 65

Humerus: Medial epicondyle

Question 66

Prominent bony projection

Answer 66

process

Question 67

example of proces

Answer 67

Scapula: Coracoid process

Question 68

sharp process

Answer 68

spine

Question 69

example of spine

Answer 69

scapula: spine

Question 70

Outgrowth from a bone

Answer 70

Protuberance

Question 71

example of protuberance

Answer 71

occipital bone: external occipital protuberance

Question 72

Large projection found only on the femur

Answer 72

trochanter

Question 73

example of trochanter

Answer 73

femur: greater trochanter

Question 74

Long, narrow ridge

Answer 74

line

Question 75

example of line

Answer 75

femur: linea aspera

Question 76

the enlarged ends of long bones

Answer 76

epiphysis

Question 77

contain a thin, outer layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy bone interior often filled with blood cell– producing red bone marrow.

Answer 77

epiphysis

Question 78

the shaft of the bone

Answer 78

diaphysis

Question 79

Epiphysis contain a thin, outer layer of compact bone surrounding a spongy bone interior often filled with blood cell– producing __________________________

Answer 79

red bone marrow

Question 80

contains a thick collar of compact bone surrounding a central medullary cavity filled with fat (yellow bone marrow)

Answer 80

diaphysis

Question 81

diaphysis contains a thick collar of compact bone surrounding a central _________________ filled with fat

Answer 81

medullary cavity

Question 82

Located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis in mature long bones

Answer 82

epiphyseal lines

Question 83

mark the sites where bands of actively dividing hyaline cartilage—called epiphyseal plates—were once located in growing bones

Answer 83

epiphyseal lines

Question 84

bands of actively dividing hyaline cartilage

Answer 84

epiphyseal plates

Question 85

no longer visible due to the remodeling of bone throughout adulthood

Answer 85

epiphyseal plates

Question 86

- formed by the Hyaline Cartilage - covers the epiphyses

Answer 86

articular cartilage

Question 87

fibrous membrane that surrounds the remainder of the bone

Answer 87

periosteum

Question 88

The Periosteum is composed of two layers:

Answer 88

outer fibrous layer and inner layer

Question 89

serves as an attachment site for tendons and ligaments

Answer 89

outer fibrous layer

Question 90

contains specialized cells involved in bone growth, repair, and remodeling.

Answer 90

inner layer

Question 91

Anchors the periosteum to the bone surface

Answer 91

Perforating (Sharpey’s) fibers

Question 92

An opening that has a rich supply of nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels that enter the diaphysis

Answer 92

nutrient foramen

Question 93

forms the inner lining of the diaphysis

Answer 93

endosteum

Question 94

covers the trabeculae of spongy bone

Answer 94

endosteum

Question 95

lines the central (Haversian) canals of compact bone.

Answer 95

endosteum

Question 96

functional unit of compact bone

Answer 96

Osteon ( Haversian System)

Question 97

consists in each osteon

Answer 97

central canal

Question 98

conducts blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels

Answer 98

central canal

Question 99

surrounds the central canal and has concentric layers of mineralized extracellular matrix

Answer 99

concentric lamellae

Question 100

in the spaces between the osteons

Answer 100

interstitial lamellae

Question 101

outer and inner rings just inside the periosteum and outside the spongy bone

Answer 101

Circumferential Lamellae

Question 102

cavities that are embedded within the lamellae

Answer 102

lacunae

Question 103

houses osteocytes

Answer 103

Lacunae

Question 104

mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix

Answer 104

Osteocytes

Question 105

tiny canals where cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes project into

Answer 105

Canaliculi

Question 106

radiate from each lacuna and connect with the central canal.

Answer 106

Canaliculi

Question 107

provide pathways for oxygen, nutrients, and wastes to move through the osseous tissue.

Answer 107

canaliculi and lacunae

Question 108

lie perpendicular to the shaft of the bone

Answer 108

Perforating Canals

Question 109

they carry blood vessels into the bone from the periosteum

Answer 109

Perforating Canals

Question 110

of bone tissue consists of an inorganic extracellular matrix made of mineral salts, or hydroxyapatites, predominantly calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate.

Answer 110

65%

Question 111

give bone its exceptional hardness and enable it to resist compression.

Answer 111

Mineral salts

Question 112

The remaining 35% of bone tissue consists of an

Answer 112

organic matrix plus bone cells

Question 113

Organic matrix

Answer 113

Osteoid

Question 114

includes ground substance (such as the proteoglycan hyaluronic acid, which traps water) and collagen fibers (which provide the bone with a flexible strength).

Answer 114

osteoid

Question 115

Bone Cells:

Answer 115

- osteoblasts (bone building cells) - osteoclasts (bone-destroying cells) - osteocytes (mature bone cells)

Question 116

bone building cells

Answer 116

osteoblasts

Question 117

bone-destroying cells

Answer 117

osteoclasts

Question 118

mature bone cells

Answer 118

osteocytes