The Axial Skeleton - Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory Flashcards
(223 cards)
1
Q
forms the longitudinal axis of the body
A
axial skeleton
2
Q
axial skeleton is composed of
A
80 bones
3
Q
axial skeleton is composed of 80 bones including the
A
skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
4
Q
Functions of Axial Skeleton
A
- provides a strong structural support column for the body.
- encase major organs, including the brain, spinal cord, lungs, and heart and provide protection for these soft tissues.
5
Q
protects the delicate brain, provides attachment sites for head and neck muscles, and houses the major sensory organs for vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell.
A
skull
6
Q
functions of skull
A
- protects the delicate brain, provides attachment sites for head and neck muscles
- houses the major sensory organs for vision, hearing, balance, taste, and smell.
7
Q
The skull and associated bones total
A
29 bones:
- 22 skull bones (8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones)
- 6 auditory ossicles
- the hyoid bone
8
Q
22 skull bones is composed of
A
8 cranial bones and 14 facial bones
9
Q
the hyoid bone discussed with the skull because of its
A
proximity
10
Q
supports the trunk, protects the spinal cord, and provides attachment sites for the ribs and for the muscles of the neck and back.
A
Vertebral Column
11
Q
In fetuses and infants, the vertebral column consists of
A
33 separate vertebrae
12
Q
adults have only _____________ because ___________ of these bones eventually fuse to form two composite bones—the sacrum and coccyx.
A
26 vertebral bones; nine
13
Q
In fetuses and infants, the vertebral column consists of 33 separate vertebrae. However, adults have only 26 vertebral bones because nine of these bones eventually fuse to form two composite bones—the ____________________________
A
sacrum and coccyx
14
Q
forms a protective structure around the organs of the thoracic cavity.
A
Thoracic Cage (rib cage)
15
Q
other term for thoracic cage
A
rib cage
16
Q
Thoracic Cage (rib cage) consists of
A
sternum and the paired ribs (a total of 25 bones), the costal cartilages, and the thoracic vertebrae of the vertebral column.
17
Q
eight bones that form the cranium
A
Cranial Bones
18
Q
Cranial Bones are connected by immovable articulations called
A
sutures
19
Q
The cranium can be divided into two major areas:
A
- cranial vault
- cranial base
20
Q
- forms the superior, lateral, and posterior walls of the skull
A
Cranial Vault (calvarium)
21
Q
other term for cranial vault
A
calvarium
22
Q
- forms the bottom of the skull
A
Cranial Base (cranial floor)
23
Q
other term for cranial base
A
cranial floor
24
Q
The cranial base has three distinct depressions:
A
anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae.
25
how many are the facial bones
14
26
- form the framework for the face, anchor the facial muscles, secure the teeth, and house special sense organs for vision, taste, and smell.
facial bones
27
- All of the facial bones are joined by __________ (except for the mandible, which is joined to the cranium by a freely movable joint).
sutures
28
- All of the facial bones are joined by sutures (except for the _____________, which is joined to the cranium by a freely movable joint).
mandible
29
forms the anterior portion of the cranium.
Frontal Bone
30
Features of the frontal bone include:
- frontal squama (forehead)
- supraorbital foramen (notch)
- glabella
31
other term for frontal squama
forehead
32
othe rterm for supraorbital foramen
notch
33
- an opening above each orbit that serves as a passageway for blood vessels and nerves
Supraorbital Foramen (notch)
34
- the smooth area between the eyes
Glabella
35
- form the superior portion and part of the lateral walls of the cranium
Parietal Bones
36
- connects the two parietal bones
Sagittal Suture
37
- connects the parietal bones to the frontal bone
Coronal Suture
38
- connects the temporal bone with the parietal bone
Squamous Suture
39
- connects the occipital bone to the parietal bones
Lambdoid Suture
40
- connects the temporal bone (near the mastoid process) to the occipital bone
Occipitomastoid Suture
41
- form part of the lateral walls of the cranium inferior to the parietal bones
Temporal Bones
42
Temporal Bones are divided into the
squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous regions
43
- house a total of six tiny bones called auditory ossicles, which function in the special sense of hearing.
Temporal Bones
44
Temporal Bones house a total of six tiny bones called
auditory ossicles
45
function in the special sense of hearing
auditory ossicles
46
- One important bone marking of the squamous region of the temporal bone
Zygomatic Process
47
- a bar-like structure that projects anteriorly to articulate with the zygomatic bone
Zygomatic Process
48
along with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone, it forms the zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
Zygomatic Process
49
Zygomatic Process along with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone, it forms the
zygomatic arch (cheekbone)
50
other term for zygomatic arch
cheekbone
51
- another bone marking of the temporal bone
- a depression where the mandibular condyle of the mandible articulates with the temporal bone
Mandibular Fossa
52
Important bone markings of the tympanic region of the temporal bone include the:
- external acoustic meatus
- styloid process
53
- conducts sound waves toward the eardrum
External Acoustic Meatus
54
- a sharp projection that serves as the attachment site for some muscles of the tongue and pharynx
styloid process
55
- is also the attachment site for the ligament that anchors the hyoid bone to the skull
styloid process
56
- in the mastoid region
- a prominent projection that serves as an attachment site for some neck muscles
mastoid process
57
Important bone markings of the petrous region of the temporal bone include the:
- jugular foramen
- carotid canal
- foramen lacerum
- internal acoustic meatus
58
- a passageway for three cranial nerves and for the internal jugular vein, which drains blood from the brain
Jugular Foramen
59
- drains blood from the brain
Internal Jugular Vein
60
- a passageway for the internal carotid artery, which delivers blood to the brain
Carotid Canal
61
- delivers blood to the brain
Internal Carotid Artery
62
- a jagged opening that serves as a passageway for small arteries supplying blood to the inner surface of the cranium
Foramen Lacerum
63
- a passageway for two cranial nerves.
Internal Acoustic Meatus
64
- In a living person, the foramen lacerum is mostly filled with
hyaline cartilage
65
- forms the posterior part and most of the base of the cranium
Occipital Bone
66
- is a large opening on the inferior surface of the skull where the brain and spinal cord meet
Foramen Magnum
67
- are rounded projections that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas) to form the atlanto-occipital joint, which allows you to nod “yes.”
Occipital Condyles
68
Occipital Condyles are rounded projections that articulate with the first cervical vertebra (atlas) to form the _____________________
atlanto-occipital joint
69
atlanto-occipital joint
allows you to nod “yes.”
70
- are openings through which a cranial nerve pass
Hypoglossal Canals
71
- is a ridge of bone that extends posteriorly from the foramen magnum and ends at the external occipital protuberance
External Occipital Crest
72
- is a small, mid-line bump at the end of the external occipital crest
External Occipital Protuberance
73
- it occurs at the junction between the base and the posterior wall of the skull
External Occipital Protuberance
74
- are small transverse ridges on either side of the external occipital protuberance
Superior and Inferior Nuchal Lines
75
- they are created by neck muscle attachments
Superior and Inferior Nuchal Lines
76
- a bat-shaped bone located posterior to the frontal bone, articulates with every other cranial bone
Sphenoid Bone
77
- project laterally from the central body of the sphenoid bone and form part of the floor of the middle cranial fossa
Greater Wings
78
- are horn-shaped projections that form part of the floor of the anterior cranial fossa
Lesser Wings
79
- project inferiorly from the greater wings and serve as attachment sites for muscles
Pterygoid Processes
80
- a long, slit-like opening between the greater and lesser wings, is a passageway for three cranial nerves
Superior Orbital Fissure
81
- is a saddle-shaped area in the midline of the sphenoid bone containing the hypophyseal fossa (the seat of the saddle), which houses the pituitary gland (also called the hypophysis).
Sella Turcica
82
- are openings at the base of the lesser wings that serve as passageways for the optic nerves
Optic Canals
83
Optic Canals six openings—
- the oval-shaped FORAMINA OVALE posterior to the sella turcica
- the round FORAMINA ROTUNDUM lateral to the sella turcica
- the small FORAMINA SPINOSUM lateral to the foramina ovale
84
- serve as passageways for another cranial nerve and an artery
Optic Canals
85
- is the most deeply situated bone of the skull
Ethmoid Bone
86
- a superior projection in the midline of the ethmoid bone
Crista Galli
87
- is attached to the brain by connective tissue wrappings and helps secure the brain within the cranial cavity
Crista Galli
88
- located on either side of the crista galli
Cribriform Plates
89
- bony plates studded with olfactory foramina that serve as passageways for fibers of the olfactory cranial nerves
Cribriform Plates
90
- forms the superior portion of the nasal septum
Perpendicular Plate
91
- are thin scrolls of bone that project into the nasal cavity on either side of the perpendicular plate
Superior and Middle Nasal Conchae
92
- they create air turbulence that slows air movement, warms and moistens inhaled air, and removes dust before the air reaches the delicate tissues of the lower respiratory tract.
Superior and Middle Nasal Conchae
93
other term for Superior and Middle Nasal Conchae
turbinates
94
- articulates with the temporal bones at the mandibular fossae to form the only freely movable joints of the skull
Mandible
95
other term form Mandible
lower jawbone
96
- is the horizontal part of the bone that forms the inferior jawline (chin) and anchors the lower teeth.
Body of the Mandible (Mandibular Body)
97
- the superior border of the mandibular body, contains the tooth sockets
Alveolar Process
98
- are openings in the mandible that serve as passageways for nerves and blood vessels supplying the lips and chin.
Mental Foramina
99
- is an upright “branch” of the mandible that serves as the attachment site for a muscle that assists in elevating (closing) the jaw
Mandibular Ramus
100
- is the area at which the body meets the ramus
Mandibular Angle
101
- is a rounded projection that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
Mandibular Condyle
102
Mandibular Condyle is a rounded projection that articulates with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone to form the
temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
103
- is the insertion site for a muscle that closes the mouth.
Coronoid Process
104
- is the indentation between the coronoid process and the mandibular condyle
Mandibular Notch
105
- form the upper jawbone
Maxillae
106
Maxillae are considered the
“keystone bones”
107
- are considered the “keystone bones” of the face because they articulate with all other facial bones except the mandible.
Maxillae
108
- inferior border of the bones
- contains the tooth sockets
Alveolar Process
109
- project medially from the alveolar margin to form the anterior portion of the hard palate (the bony roof of the mouth).
Palatine Processes
110
- an opening on the inferior midline of the palatine process, leads into the incisive canal, which contains blood vessels and nerves
Incisive Fossa
111
- an opening below the orbit, and the inferior orbital fissure
Infraorbital Foramen
112
- a slit-like opening in the floor of the orbit, provide passageways for blood vessels and nerves
Infraorbital Foramen
113
- the smallest bones in the skull, are located in the medial portion of each orbit
Lacrimal Bones
114
- a deep groove
- contains a lacrimal sac
Lacrimal Fossa
115
- collects tears and drains the fluid into the nasal cavity
Lacrimal Sac
116
of the zygomatic bones) plus the zygomatic processes of the temporal bones form the zygomatic arches, which form the lateral rims of the orbits
temporal processes
117
- form the bridge of the nose
Nasal Bones
118
- forms the inferior portion of the nasal septum
Vomer Bone
119
- Posterior to the palatine processes of the maxillae
Palatine Bones
120
- which, with the palatine processes of the maxillae, form the hard palate (the bony roof of the mouth).
Palatine Bones
121
- are paired bones that project medially to form the lower, lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Inferior Nasal Conchae (Turbinates)
122
- located in the frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones
Paranasal Sinuses
123
- are air-filled, mucus-lined cavities that connect with the nasal cavity.
Paranasal Sinuses
124
- They lighten the skull, add resonance to the voice, and warm, moisten, and clean inhaled air.
Paranasal Sinuses
125
The bones of the skull develop from _________________ in the developing embryo
fibrous membranes
126
At birth, ________________—commonly called “soft spots”—remain between the cranial bones.
fontanels
127
fontanels —commonly called ________________
“soft spots”
128
These unossified fibrous membranes allow the fetal skull to change shape as it passes through the birth canal and then permit brain growth during infancy.
fontanels
129
- the largest fontanel
Anterior Fontanel
130
- is diamond shaped and is located along the midline of the skull between the frontal bone and the two parietal bones
Anterior Fontanel
131
- usually closes 18–24 months after birth
Anterior Fontanel
132
- located along the midline between the two parietal bones and the occipital bone
Posterior Fontanel
133
- usually closes around 2 months after birth
Posterior Fontanel
134
- small, irregularly shaped
- are located between the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones
Sphenoid Fontanels
135
- they usually close around 3 months after birth
Sphenoid Fontanels
136
- are located between the parietal, occipital, and temporal bones
Mastoid Fontanels
137
- their complete closure occurs around 12 months after birth
Mastoid Fontanels
138
- divides the left and right frontal bones and closes completely at 3–9 month of age
Frontal Suture
139
- inferior to the mandible and is C-shaped
Hyoid Bone
140
- unique because it does not articulate with any other bone but instead is suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bone by ligaments and muscles
Hyoid Bone
141
- serves as a moveable base for the tongue
Hyoid Bone
142
- horizontal part of hyoid bone
- is an attachment site for neck muscles that raise and lower the larynx during swallowing and speech.
Body
143
- attachment sites for other muscles and ligaments
Greater and Lesser Horns
144
- provides support for the head, neck, and trunk, and protection for the spinal cord
Vertebral Column
145
other term for vertebrae
- adult vertebral column, or spine
146
- a flexible chain of 26 bones
vertebrae
147
- Fibrocartilage pads
Intervertebral Discs
148
- cushion adjacent vertebrae (except the first two vertebrae, the atlas and the axis).
Intervertebral Discs
149
The bones of the vertebral column are grouped into five regions:
- cervical vertebrae (7)
- thoracic vertebrae (12)
- lumbar vertebrae (5)
- sacrum (1)
- coccyx (1)
150
When viewed from the side, the adult vertebral column exhibits
four normal curves
151
are concave posteriorly
cervical and lumbar curvatures
152
are convex posteriorly.
thoracic and sacral curvatures
153
A typical vertebra has a ____________________ (or centrum) that forms the vertebra’s anterior portion and bears the weight of superior structures.
rounded body
154
- a vertebra’s posterior portion
- composed of two pedicles and two laminae
Vertebral Arch
155
Vertebral Arch is composed of
two pedicles and two laminae
156
- connect the arch to the body
pedicles
157
- form the rest of the arch
laminae
158
- created by inferior sides of the pedicles curved superiorly
Inferior Vertebral Notch
159
- created by superior sides of the pedicles curved inferiorly
Superior Vertebral Notch
160
Each vertebral arch also has the following seven features:
- a spinous process
- two transverse processes
- two superior articular processes
- two inferior articular processes
161
a medial posterior projection that arises from the junction of the two laminae
spinous process
162
which project laterally from either side of the vertebral arch
transverse processes
163
which project superiorly from the pedicle-lamina junction and articulate with the inferior articular processes of the vertebra immediately superior to it at facets
superior articular processe
164
which project inferiorly from the pedicle-lamina junction and articulate with the superior articular processes of the vertebra immediately inferior to it at facets
inferior articular processes
165
- present in each vertebra
- an opening that lies between the body and the vertebral arch
Vertebral Foramen
166
- adjacent vertebral foramina form the vertebral canal, which houses the spinal cord
Vertebral Foramen
167
A typical cervical vertebra is characterized by:
1) an oval-shaped body
2) transverse foramina for the passage of the vertebral arteries, which supply blood to the brain, and of the vertebral veins, which drain blood from the brain
3) a bifid (forked) spinous process
4) a triangular vertebral foramen.
168
The first two cervical vertebrae:
- atlas (C1)
- axis (C2)
169
is named after Atlas, the mythical Greek god who carried the world on his shoulders.
Atlas (C1)
170
- is the only vertebra that articulates with the skull
Atlas (C1)
171
- lacks a vertebral body and has no spinous process
Atlas (C1)
172
- is essentially a ring of bone containing anterior arches that meet at the anterior tubercle and posterior arches that meet at the posterior tubercle, with lateral masses on either side
Atlas (C1)
173
- receive the occipital condyles of the occipital bone of the skull, and the inferior articular facets articulate with the axis, which is inferior to it.
Superior Articular Facets
174
- the joint between C1 and C2
Atlantoaxial Joint
175
- one of the axis’s unique features
- projects superiorly from the body
- articulates with the enlarged vertebral foramen of the atlas.
Dens (odontoid process)
176
other term for Dens
odontoid process
177
- most inferior cervical vertebra
- has a spinous process that is larger than those of other cervical vertebra, and it is not bifid
Vertebra Prominens (C7)
178
- it can be felt (palpated) through the skin
- is used as an anatomical landmark for counting the vertebrae
Vertebra Prominens (C7)
179
Each of the 12 thoracic vertebrae is characterized by:
1) a heart-shaped body bearing four (two inferior and two superior) small facets (costal facets), where a rib articulates with the vertebra
2) a spinous process that points sharply inferiorly
3) a circular vertebral foramen
The five lumbar vertebrae are characterized by having:
1) large sizes and weights
2) wide, kidney-shaped bodies;
3) blunt, hatchet-shaped spinous processes; and
4) triangular vertebral foramina
180
- is an irregular, wedge-shaped bone composed of five fused vertebrae that articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra at the flattened base and superior articular processes, and with the coccyx at the apex
Sacrum
181
- articulate with the ilium of each coxal bone to form the posterior wall of the bony pelvis
Auricular Surfaces
182
- fusion of the sacral bones before birth consolidates the vertebral canal
Sacral Canal
183
the fifth sacral vertebra the sacral canal
Sacral Hiatus
184
- among the sacrum’s important bone markings
- through which sacral nerves pass
Sacral Foramina
185
- formed by the spinous processes of the five fused vertebrae
Median Sacral Crest
186
- provides attachment sites for muscles of the lower back and hip
Median Sacral Crest
187
- formed by the transverse processes of the five fused vertebrae
Lateral Sacral Crest
188
- provides attachment sites for muscles of the lower back and hip
Lateral Sacral Crest
189
- prominent bulge on the anterosuperior margin
Sacral Promontory
190
- is an important anatomical landmark in females during pelvic exams and during labor and delivery
Sacral Promontory
191
- On either side of the sacral promontory
Alae
192
- mark the sites of vertebral fusion
tranverse lines
193
- is composed of three to five fused vertebrae with hornlike projections, each called a coccygeal cornu.
coccyx
194
coccyx is composed of three to five fused vertebrae with hornlike projections, each called a
coccygeal cornu
195
- offers slight support to the pelvic organs and serves as a point of attachment for the muscles of the pelvic floor.
coccyx
196
- consists of the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae
thoracic cage
197
thoracic cage or
ribcage
198
functions of thoracic cage or ribcage
1) forms a protective cage around the organs of the thoracic cavity
2) provides support for the pectoral (shoulder) girdle and the upper appendages
3) provides attachment sites for skeletal muscles of the neck, back, chest, and shoulders.
199
- a “dagger-shaped” bone located in the anterior midline of the thorax
sternum
200
thoracic cage or ribcage consists of
the sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, and thoracic vertebrae
201
Sternum is a composite bone resulting from the fusion of three bones:
- superior manubrium
- middle body
- inferior xiphoid process
202
Features of the sternum include
- suprasternal notch
- clavicular notch
- sternal angle
- xiphisternal joint
203
- is located medially at the level of the intervertebral disc between T2 and T3
Suprasternal Notch (or jugular notch)
204
other term for Suprasternal Notch
jugular notch
205
- where the clavicle forms a joint with the manubrium
Clavicular Notch
206
- a landmark for finding rib 2 when using a stethoscope to listen to heart sounds
Sternal Angle
207
- behind which the heart sits on the diaphragm
Xiphisternal Joint
208
- The wedge-shaped vertebral (medial) end of a rib bone
Head (Ribs)
209
- bulk of each rib
Shaft
210
The superior border of the shaft is smooth, whereas its inferior border is sharp and thin and contains a __________________, which houses intercostal nerves and blood vessels.
costal groove
211
- houses intercostal nerves and blood vessels.
costal groove
212
- the constricted area between the head and the shaft
(ribs)
213
- Each rib has two articular facets: one that articulates with a vertebral body and one that articulates with the vertebral transverse process.
Articular Facets
214
- the portion of a rib that is immediately lateral to the neck
Tubercle
215
- contains a facet that articulates with a transverse process of a thoracic vertebra
Tubercle
216
- is a bend where the shaft begins to curve toward the sternum
Angle
217
- Rib pairs 1–7
True Ribs (or vertebrosternal ribs)
218
other term for True Ribs
vertebrosternal ribs
219
- they attach to the sternum by their own cartilage
True Ribs (or vertebrosternal ribs)
220
- Rib pairs 8–12
False Ribs
221
- they either attach indirectly to the sternum (by way of cartilage immediately above each rib) or entirely lack a sternal attachment.
False Ribs
222
- rib pairs 8 through 10
Vertebrochondral Ribs
223
- rib pairs 11 and 12
Floating (or Vertebral) Ribs
