Muscular System - Anatomy and Physiology - Laboratory Flashcards
(238 cards)
1
Q
human body contains ________________ skeletal muscles,
A
more than 600
2
Q
the major organs of the muscular system
A
600 skeletal muscles
3
Q
4 groups of the body’s major muscles
A
- muscles of the head and neck
- muscles of the trunk
- muscles of the upper limb
- muscles of the lower limb
4
Q
During movements, one of the bones ___________________________________ while the other bone _________________.
A
remains relatively stationary; moves
5
Q
site of attachment of a muscle’s tendon to
the stationary bone
A
origin
6
Q
the site of attachment to the moveable bone
A
insertion
7
Q
During muscle contraction, the _____________ moves toward the origin.
A
insertion
8
Q
thicker middle region of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
A
belly
9
Q
refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it to contract, producing that muscle’s action
A
innervation
10
Q
A muscle’s innervation refers to the identity of the nerve that stimulates it to contract, producing that muscle’s
A
action
11
Q
Skeletal muscles are innervated by two groups of nerves:
A
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
12
Q
arise from the base of the brain and emerge through the foramina of the skull
A
cranial nerves
13
Q
sensory nerves that transmit nerve impulses from the sensory receptors of the eye, ear, and nose to the brain
A
cranial nerves
14
Q
arise from the spinal cord and emerge
through the intervertebral foramina
A
spinal nerves
15
Q
these nerves innervate skeletal muscles below the neck
A
spinal nerves
16
Q
how many cranial nerves?
A
12
17
Q
how many pairs of spinal nerves?
A
31
18
Q
are usually the result of the actions of several skeletal muscles acting as a group
A
Movements
19
Q
Muscles can be classified into four functional groups:
A
- prime movers (agonist)
- antagonists
- synergists
- fixators
20
Q
is the muscle that is most responsible for producing a particular movement, termed that muscle’s action
A
prime movers (agonist)
21
Q
is a muscle that opposes the action of a prime mover.
A
antagonists
22
Q
during flexion of the elbow, the biceps brachii serves as the ______________, and the triceps brachii serves as the _________________
A
prime mover; antagonist
23
Q
These two muscles constitute an ___________________ that acts on the opposite sides of a bone or joint.
A
antagonistic pair
24
Q
is a muscle that aids a prime mover and is usually located close to it
A
synergist
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can stabilize a joint, prevent unwanted movements, or add extra force so that the action of the prime mover is more coordinated and specific
synergist
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Consider the role of the wrist extensor muscles as ____________________ in flexion of the fingers.
synergists
27
is a muscle that stabilizes the origin of the prime mover so that the prime mover can act more efficiently.
fixator
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“fixes” a bone—that is, it holds it steady
fixator
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Skeletal muscles are named based on one or more of the
following seven criteria:
- location
- shape,
- principal action
- relative size
- number of origins
- locations of origins and insertions
- direction of muscle fibers
30
overlies the brachium (arm)
brachialis
31
is roughly triangular (delta = triangle)
deltoid
32
The muscles of the head and neck can be divided into four
functional groups:
- the muscles of facial expression
- the muscles of mastication (chewing) and tongue movements
- the muscles that move the hyoid bone and larynx
- the muscles that move the head and neck
33
The muscles that enable us to communicate emotions through facial expression are located just deep to the skin in the
scalp, face, and neck
34
All facial muscles are innervated by the
facial nerve (CN VII)
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is a bipartite (two-part) muscle with two bellies (an occipital belly and a frontal belly) connected by the epicranial aponeurosis
epicranius
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two bellies of epicranius
- frontal belly (frontalis)
- occipital belly (occipitalis)
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overlies the frontal bone and raises the eyebrows (as when you are surprised)
frontal belly (frontalis)
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draws the scalp back toward the posterior neck
occipital belly (occipitalis)
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encircles the eye and closes it during blinking
orbicularis oculi
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originate on the zygomatic bone and draw the lateral
corners of the mouth upward (as in smiling)
zygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor
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is a narrow muscle located inferior and lateral to the zygomaticus major.
risorius
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It pulls the lips laterally and is considered to be a synergist of the zygomaticus muscles.
risorius
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is a thin, horizontal cheek muscle that lies deep to the masseter muscle
buccinator
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it compresses the cheeks during whistling, blowing, or sucking on a straw.
buccinator
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This muscle is well developed in nursing infants
buccinator
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is a circular muscle that closes and protrudes the lips as in kissing.
orbicularis oris
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depresses the lower lip
depressor labii inferioris
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raises the upper lip
levator labii superioris
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elevates and protrudes the lower lip and pulls the skin of the chin up as in pouting
mentalis
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is an unpaired, thin sheetlike superficial neck muscle that depresses the mandible and draws the outer part of the lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly, as in pouting.
platysma
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Raises eyebrows; wrinkles skin of forehead horizontally
Frontalis
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Pulls scalp posteriorly
Occipitalis
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Pulls eyebrows inferiorly and medially (as in squinting)
Corrugator supercilii
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Closes eye; pulls skin around the eyes, as in blinking and winking
Orbicularis oculi
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Elevates the upper lip; everts and furrows upper lip (as in sneering)
Levator labii superioris
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Raises lateral portion of the upper lip to expose
upper teeth (as in smiling)
Zygomaticus minor
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Pulls the angle of the mouth superiorly and laterally (as in smiling or laughing)
Zygomaticus major
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Pulls the angle of the mouth laterally to make a closed-mouth smile
Risorius
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Closes and protrudes lips (as in puckering the lips for a kiss
Orbicularis oris
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Draws corners of the mouth inferiorly (unhappy face)
Depressor anguli oris
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Protrudes lower lip (sad or pouting expressions)
Depressor labii inferioris
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Protrudes the lower lip and chin for drinking and “doubtful” expression
Mentalis
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Helps manipulate food during chewing and expels air through pursed lips (as in blowing a trumpet)
Buccinator
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Lowers lower lip and opens mouth by depressing the
mandible
Platysma
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The four muscles of mastication produce chewing movements by depressing and elevating the mandible,
and all are innervated by
trigeminal nerve (CN V)
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- is a prime mover of jaw closure and biting.
- short and thick
masseter
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elevates the mandible and functions as an agonist to the masseter, fan-shaped
temporalis
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depresses and protracts the mandible and moves it from side to side
lateral pterygoid
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elevates the mandible and moves it from side to side
medial pterygoid
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Elevates the mandible
Masseter
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Elevates and retracts the mandible
Temporalis
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Elevates and protracts the mandible; assists in lateral movements to grind food
Medial pterygoid
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Protracts and depresses the mandible; lateral movements to grind food
Lateral pterygoid
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involved in mastication, detection of taste, and deglutition (swallowing)
tongue
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Muscles that control the tongue are classified as
- intrinsic
- extrinsic
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originate and insert within the tongue and change the shape of the tongue
intrinsic
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originate outside the tongue and insert onto it
extrinsic
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The three extrinsic tongue muscles
- genioglossus
- hyoglossus
- styloglossus
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depresses the tongue and thrusts it anteriorly (protraction)
genioglossus
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also depresses the tongue
hyoglossus
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elevates the tongue and draws it posteriorly (retraction)
styloglossus
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glossus
tongue
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The muscles that move the hyoid bone and the larynx consist of two groups:
suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
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Protrudes tongue
Genioglossus
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Depresses tongue
Hyoglossus
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Retracts and elevates tongue
Styloglossus
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originate superior to the hyoid bone and elevate it, the floor of the oral cavity, and the tongue during swallowing.
suprahyoid muscles
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Among the suprahyoid muscles are
- digastric
- mylohyoid
- stylohyoid
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consists of an anterior belly and a posterior belly united by a central tendon and which depresses the mandible and elevates the hyoid bone during swallowing and talking
digastric
90
elevates the hyoid bone and the base of the tongue during swallowing
mylohyoid
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elevates the hyoid bone
stylohyoid
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originate inferior to the hyoid bone and depress it and the larynx during swallowing and talking.
infrahyoid muscles
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Among the infrahyoid muscles are the:
- sternohyoid
- sternothyroid
- thyrohyoid
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depresses the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing
sternohyoid
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which depresses the larynx
sternothyroid
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depresses the hyoid bone
thyrohyoid
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Elevates and retracts the hyoid and floor of the mouth during swallowing
Stylohyoid
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Elevates hyoid and floor of mouth, assisting tongue to push food toward the pharynx
Mylohyoid
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Elevates and protracts hyoid
Geniohyoid
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Depresses hyoid bone and larynx
Sternohyoid
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Depresses larynx and hyoid bone
Sternothyroid
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Depresses and retracts hyoid bone
Omohyoid
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Depresses hyoid bone; may elevate larynx
Thyrohyoid
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Depresses the mandible; fixator of the hyoid during
swallowing
Digastric
105
paired muscles that constitute the main muscles of the anterior neck
sternocleidomastoid
106
originates on the sternum and clavicle and inserts onto the mastoid process of the temporal bone.
sternocleidomastoid
107
is a bipartite muscle that extends the head; it consists of the splenius capitis and the splenius cervicis (deep to the trapezius).
splenius
108
are located on the lateral aspect of the neck deep to both the platysma and the sternocleidomastoid; these muscles flex the neck and also elevate ribs 1 and 2 to aid in respiration.
scalenes
109
Together: flex head (chin moves toward the chest); individually: flex and rotate the head toward opposite side; accessory muscles of respiration
Sternocleidomastoid
110
A mix of actions, depending on the fixators in play; move head laterally when contracted individually; elevate rib cage with vertebral column fixed; accessory muscles of respiration
Scalenes
111
Extends the head (raises head from “bowed” position); other actions covered in the section on muscles of the arm
Trapezius (superior section)
112
Extends the head; with other muscles, rotates the head to the same side
Splenius capitis
113
Extends the head and neck; rotates the upper cervical vertebrae to the same side as the muscle that is contracting
Splenius cervicis
114
Extends the head; with other muscles, rotates the head to the opposite side from the muscle that is contracting
Semispinalis capitis
115
The muscles of the trunk include:
- muscles of the vertebral column
- muscles of respiration
- muscles of the abdominal wall
- muscles that act on the pectoral girdle
116
play major roles in moving the limbs
superficial back muscles
117
The muscles associated with the vertebral column include the:
- erector spinae group
- transversospinal group
- quadratus lumborum
118
extends and flexes the vertebral column laterally, consists of three separate muscle groups that run between the sacrum and the posterior surface of the skull on either
side of the vertebral column
erector spinae group
119
three muscles of erector spinae group
- spinalis,
- longissimus
- iliocostalis
120
spinalis and longissimus groups each consist of a
- capitis muscle
- cervicis muscle
- thoracis muscle
121
iliocostalis group consists of a
- cervicis muscle
- thoracis muscle
- lumborum muscle
122
which also extends the vertebral column, is a similar but deeper group of muscles
transversospinal group
123
group consisting of capitis, cervicis, and thoracis portions; the multifidus muscle; and the rotatores muscle
semispinalis
124
flexes the vertebral column laterally
quadratus lumborum
125
A major function of the muscles of the trunk is
respiration
126
separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, and the intercostal muscles
diaphragm
127
The most important muscle of inspiration is the dome-shaped
diaphragm
128
innervated by the phrenic nerve.
diaphragm
129
The fibers of the 11 pairs of ______________________ run obliquely (inferiorly and anteriorly) between the ribs
external intercostals
130
which pull the ribs toward one another and elevate the rib cage, are innervated by the intercostal nerves.
external intercostals
131
The fibers of the 11 pairs of the ________________________ run deep to and at right angles to those of the external intercostal muscles and serve as antagonists to the external intercostals.
internal intercostals
132
depress the rib cage and draw the ribs together, and they are innervated by the intercostal nerves
internal intercostals
133
Flattens to lower the floor of the thoracic cavity to increase volume and decrease pressure, thereby causing inspiration (inhalation)
Diaphragm
134
Elevates the rib cage, spreading the ribs, assisting inspiration
External intercostal muscles
135
Depresses the rib cage, pulling ribs closer together, assisting expiration
internal intercostal muscles
136
support and protect the organs within the abdominal cavity;
abdominal muscles
137
they also flex the vertebral column and rotate and laterally flex the trunk.
abdominal muscles
138
flexes the vertebral column
rectus abdominis
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also flex the vertebral column, and they also compress the abdominal wall.
external oblique and internal oblique
140
compresses the abdominal contents
transversus abdominis
141
All four abdominal muscles are innervated by the
intercostal nerves
142
support and position the scapula and the clavicle
muscles that act on the pectoral girdle
143
muscles that act on the pectoral girdle stabilize the shoulder joint by reinforcing the articulation between the
humerus and the scapula
144
Flexes the trunk; with the vertebral column fixed, compresses abdominal cavity
Rectus abdominis
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Flexes and laterally bends the trunk; with the vertebral column fixed, compresses abdominal cavity
External oblique
146
Flexes and laterally bends the trunk; compresses abdominal
cavity
internal oblique
147
Compresses abdominal cavity
Transversus abdominis
148
The muscles of the upper limb include
- muscles that move the arm
- muscles that move the forearm
- muscles that move the wrist, hand, and digits
149
large, superficial, fanshaped muscle that covers the superior portion of the chest and is a prime mover of arm flexion; it also adducts and medially rotates the arm.
pectoralis major
150
is a superficial triangular shoulder muscle and a prime mover of arm abduction.
deltoid
151
broad flat muscle located in the lumbar region, is a prime mover of arm extension. It also adducts and medially rotates the arm.
latissimus dorsi
152
thick rounded muscle that lies inferior to the teres minor and it extends, medially rotates, and adducts the humerus.
teres major
153
small cylindrical muscle that flexes and adducts the humerus
coracobrachialis
154
lies deep to the trapezius and is one of the four rotator cuff muscles.
supraspinatus
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is a rotator cuff muscle that rotates the humerus laterally and stabilizes the shoulder
infraspinatus
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is a rotator cuff muscle that laterally rotates the humerus and stabilizes the shoulder
teres minor
157
is a rotator cuff muscle that medially rotates the humerus and stabilizes the shoulder
subscapularis
158
originate on the humerus, cross over the elbow joint, and insert onto the ulna and/or radius
muscles that move the forearm
159
is the only muscle on the posterior side of the arm; large, three-headed
triceps brachii
160
it is a powerful forearm extensor
triceps brachii
161
two-headed __________________flexes and supinates the forearm
biceps brachii
162
superficial ___________________ of the lateral forearm acts as a synergist in forearm flexion
brachioradialis
163
lies deep to the biceps brachii muscle and flexes the forearm
brachialis
164
pronates the forearm and is also a weak forearm flexor.
pronator teres
165
is a superficial forearm muscle named for both its proximity
to the radius and its actions (wrist flexion and abduction).
flexor carpi radialis
166
is a weak wrist flexor.
palmaris longus
167
is named for both its proximity to the ulna and its actions
(wrist extension and adduction).
extensor carpi ulnaris
168
extend and abduct the wrist
extensor carpi radialis longus and the extensor carpi radialis brevis
169
on the posterior surface of the forearm extends the digits (fingers).
extensor digitorum
170
flexes and adducts the wrist.
flexor carpi ulnaris
171
Flexes and adducts the arm; rotates arm medially
Pectoralis major
172
adducts and extends the arm; rotates arm medially
Latissimus dorsi
173
abducts the arm; secondarily flexes and extends arm
Deltoid
174
adducts, extends, and rotates arm laterally
Teres major
175
Flexes and adducts the arm
Coracobrachialis
176
Assists abduction; holds the humerus and stabilizes
shoulder joint
Supraspinatus
177
Laterally rotates the humerus; stabilizes shoulder joint
infraspinatus
178
Laterally rotates the humerus; stabilizes shoulder joint
Teres minor
179
adducts and rotates the humerus medially; stabilizes shoulder joint
Subscapularis
180
Flexes the elbow; supinates the forearm
Biceps brachii
181
Flexes the elbow (prime mover)
Brachialis
182
Flexes the elbow (synergist)
Brachioradialis
183
Extends the elbow
Triceps brachii
184
Assists extension of the elbow
anconeus
185
Pronates forearm (palm posterior)
Pronator teres
186
Flexes wrist (bends wrist toward anterior forearm); abducts hand
Flexor carpi radialis
187
Flexes wrist; tenses dense connective tissue in palm of hand
Palmaris longus
188
Flexes wrist; adducts hand
Flexor carpi ulnaris
189
Flexes fingers; flexes wrist
Flexor digitorum superficialis
190
Flexes thumb
Flexor pollicis longus
191
Flexes fingers; flexes wrist
Flexor digitorum profundus
192
Pronates forearm
Pronator quadratus
193
Extends wrist; abducts hand
Extensor carpi radialis longus
194
Extends wrist; abducts hand
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
195
Extends fingers; extends wrist
Extensor digitorum
196
Extends little finger
Extensor digiti minimi
197
Extends wrist; adducts hand
Extensor carpi ulnaris
198
Supinates forearm (palm anterior)
Supinator
199
Abducts and extends thumb
abductor pollicis longus
200
Extends thumb (“thumbs up” motion)
Extensor pollicis longus
201
Extends thumb
Extensor pollicis brevis
202
Extends index finger
Extensor indicis
203
The muscles of the lower limb include:
- muscles that move the thigh
- muscles that move the leg
- muscles that move the ankle, foot, and digits
204
Among the muscles that move the thigh is the
iliopsoas
205
two muscles of iliopsoas
-psoas major
- iliacus
206
Butchers refer to this muscle as the tenderloin.
psoas major
207
is the most superficial and the most prominent of the three gluteal muscles that form the buttocks.
gluteus maximus
208
It is a powerful extensor of the thigh.
gluteus maximus
209
lies deep to the gluteus maximus and abducts and medially rotates the thigh.
gluteus medius
210
it is a common site for intramuscular injections
gluteus medius
211
the smallest of the three gluteal muscles, lies deep to the gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
212
it acts as an agonist to the gluteus medius in abducting and medially rotating the thigh
gluteus minimus
213
located on the lateral surface of the thigh, flexes and abducts the thigh
tensor fasciae latae
214
pear-shaped muscle that lies inferior to the gluteus minimus and laterally rotates and abducts the thigh
piriformis
215
a medial thigh muscle, belongs to the adductor group, which adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh.
adductor longus
216
The anterior part of the __________________, another medial thigh muscle, adducts, medially rotates, and flexes the thigh, whereas the posterior part is a thigh extensor.
adductor magnus
217
is a medial thigh muscle that adducts and medially rotates the thigh.
adductor brevis
218
small flat muscle that overlies the adductor brevis and
adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh.
pectineus
219
long, thin, superficial muscle and is a medial thigh muscle that adducts the thigh and flexes and medially rotates the leg. long, thin, superficial
gracilis
220
is on the anterior aspect of the thigh and is the most superficial of the four muscles that belong to the group known as the quadriceps femoris, which extends the leg.
rectus femoris
221
on the lateral aspect of the thigh, is a member of the quadriceps femoris that extends the knee.
vastus lateralis
222
a member of the quadriceps femoris on the medial aspect of the thigh, extends the knee.
vastus medialis
223
a member of the quadriceps femoris deep to the rectus femoris, extends the knee.
vastus intermedius
224
forms a band across the thigh from the ilium to the medial side of the tibia
sartorius
225
it flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh.
sartorius
226
This is the muscle you use to sit cross-legged.
sartorius
227
is one of three muscles on the posterior aspect of the thigh that collectively are commonly called the hamstrings, a name derived from an old butchers’ practice of curing pork thighs in a smokehouse by hanging them from their tendons (their hamstrings).
biceps femoris
228
a hamstring muscle medial to the biceps femoris, flexes the leg at the knee joint.
semitendinosus
229
is a hamstring muscle that lies deep to the semitendinosus and flexes the leg at the knee joint.
semimembranosus
230
a superficial anterior leg muscle just lateral to the anterior crest of the tibia
tibialis anterior
231
It inverts the foot and is a prime mover of dorsiflexion
tibialis anterior
232
which is lateral to the tibialis anterior, is a prime mover of toe extension
extensor digitorum longus
233
a superficial lateral muscle that overlies the fibula, produces plantar flexion and everts the foot.
fibularis longus
234
a superficial muscle that forms the bulk of what is commonly called the calf muscle, produces plantar flexion;
gastrocnemius
235
because it crosses the knee joint, it can flex the knee when the foot is dorsiflexed.
gastrocnemius
236
named for its resemblance to a sole (a type of flat fish), is located deep to the gastrocnemius and produces plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint.
soleus
237
which is deep to the soleus, is a prime mover of foot inversion and produces plantar flexion of the foot at the ankle joint.
tibialis posterior
238
runs medial to the tibialis anterior muscle; it produces plantar flexion, inverts the foot, and flexes the toes
flexor digitorum longus
