Cardiovascular System - Blood

Question 1

Define: Connective Tissue

Answer 1

primarily structural

often the stroma of organs

includes cushioning CT found almost everywhere

cells organized in specialized extracellular matrix

classified based on ECM, not cells

Question 2

Define: Blood

Answer 2

specialized CT (transportation)

participates in metabolism and immune system function

made up of plasma and cells

unique ECM and cells → no fibroblasts or collagen fibers

Question 3

What are the 2 components of blood?

Answer 3

plasma (specialized ECM) → fluid

cells specialized for → immune function (WBCs) and transport (RBCs)

Question 4

Define: Plasma

Answer 4

• Aqueous solution that reflects composition of extracellular fluid
• 8-10% specific components
  
  • nutrients
  • hormones
  • nitrogenous waste products
  • inorganic ions (electrolytes)
  • proteins (7%)

Question 5

What is the major protein in plasma?

Answer 5

Albumin

Question 6

Plasma Proteins

Answer 6

• Albumin (most common)
  
  • produced in liver
  • maintains osmotic pressure
• alpha and beta globulins
  
  • transport, coagulation, lipoproteins
• gama globulins (antibodies)
• complement proteins (immune function)
  
  • bacterial recognition
• Fibrinogen (coagulation)
  
  • molecule patch

Question 7

Method for creating a Peripheral Blood Smear

Answer 7

Blood sample taken from periphery

spread on slide using another slide

Question 8

Define: Hematopoiesis

Answer 8

Major blood cells all derived from progenitors found in bone marrow

Question 9

cells that transit to peripheral tissues are…

Answer 9

not always mature

monocyte → immature macrophages in blood → matures when it gets to tissues

Question 10

Define: Bone Marrow

Answer 10

Site of Hematopoiesis

Contains Sinusoidal Capillaries

in between spongy bone in long bones

Question 11

Ratio of adipose cells to hematopoetic cells ___ with age

Answer 11

increases with age

increase age → increase adipose cell number → decrease hematopoetic cells

Question 12

Marrow changes with…

Answer 12

age

younger → red marrow

older → yellow marrow

changes from red to yellow with age

Question 13

What is the common ancestor of all blood cells?

Answer 13

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

Question 14

What blood cells are also found in the lamina propria?

Answer 14

Neutrophil

Eosinophil

Basophil

Mast Cell

Macrophage

Plasma Cell

Question 15

What blood cells are only found in bone marrow?

Answer 15

Megakaryocyte

Hematopoietic Stem Cell

Question 16

What blood cells are only found in bone?

Answer 16

osteoclasts

Question 17

Define: Mast Cells

Answer 17

granules contain histamine/heparin

release chemotactic factors

eosinophilic and basophilic

not usually in blood

single, fairly centered nucleus, oval to round

Question 18

Define: Eosinophil

Answer 18

anti-parasitic WBC

eosinophilic granules

Question 19

Define: Basophils

Answer 19

WBC

similar to mast cells

rare in blood

basophilic granules

Question 20

Define: Neutrophils

Answer 20

WBC

bacterial phagocytosis

neutral granules

Question 21

Define: Macrophages

Answer 21

aka histiocytes

ingest foreign matter

enhance lymphocyte activity

Question 22

Define: Leukocytes

Answer 22

• White Blood Cells
• Immune cells
  
  • lymphocytes (agranulocytes)
  • monocytes (agranulocytes)
  • eosinophils (granulocytes)
  • basophils (granulocytes)
  • neutrophils (granulocytes)

buffy coat

Question 23

Define: Lymphocytes

Answer 23

agranulocytes

T cells, B cells, Null Cells → must be immunostained to distinguish

similar size to RBCs → very little visible cytoplasm

Question 24

Define: Monocytes

Answer 24

• Agranulocytes
• circulating macrophages
• Become resident → macrophages
  
  • liver → kupffer cells
  • Bone → osteoclast
  • Brain → microglia
  • Lung → Dust Cells
• haver an indent

Question 25

Define: Eosinophils

Answer 25

* bilobed nucleus with eosinophilic granules * antiparasitic granulocytes * removes antibody: antigen complexes

Question 26

Eosinophilic granules contain…

Answer 26

proteases RNAse Phosphatase Lipase effective for removal of parasites

Question 27

Define: Basophils

Answer 27

* Multilobed nucleus with basophilic granules * granulocytes * similar to mast cells * arachidonic acid derivatives * least common WBC

Question 28

Basophilic granules contain….

Answer 28

Eosinophilic chemotactic factor histamine heparin peroxidase

Question 29

Define: Neutrophils

Answer 29

Multilobed nucleus with neutral granules Granulocytes Bacteria Phagocytosis

Question 30

Neutrophil specific granules contain…

Answer 30

Phosphatase collagenase lysozyme non-enzymatic antibacterial basic proteins associated with destruction of bacteria

Question 31

Define: Neutrophil Band Cells

Answer 31

visible in marrow found in clusters with other pre-neutrophils neutrophils are made in waves slightly immature neutrophil with horseshoe nucleus

Question 32

What inhibits the production of neutrophil band cells to mature neutrophils?

Answer 32

the presence of mature neutrophils

Question 33

What are the Non-Immune formed elements of the blood?

Answer 33

Erythrocytes → RBCs → had nucleus, lost it Thrombocytes → platelets → never had nucleus

Question 34

Define: Erythrocytes (RBCs)

Answer 34

* 45% of blood * Flexible biconcave disks * Filled with hemoglobin * Iron containing protein * Binds oxygen and CO₂ reversibly

Question 35

What is the function of the biconcave shape of RBCs?

Answer 35

Large surface → volume ratio facilitates gas exchange can fold to pass through small capillaries

Question 36

Why are you able to use Human RBCs as a ruler?

Answer 36

it has a regular diameter of 7.8 microns

Question 37

RBC Membrane Skeleton

Answer 37

Integral membrane proteins → give blood type → glycophorin C and band 3 bind to cytoskeleton through complexes matrix of spectrin forms a lattice → attach to actin skeleton

Question 38

Define: ABO

Answer 38

Glycoprotein/glycolipid complexes attached to glycophorins and band 3 integral membrane proteins everyone makes the O version; A and B are specific

Question 39

Define: Rh(esus) system

Answer 39

Rh30 polypeptide is an antigen Transmembrane protein Express it (positive; O+, A+, etc.) or not (negative. O-, A-, etc.)

Question 40

What is type is the universal blood donor?

Answer 40

O neg

Question 41

Define: Thrombocytes (Platelet)

Answer 41

cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes from the bone marrow no nucleus store glycogen destroyed once used blood clotting

Question 42

Platelet Production

Answer 42

from megakaryocytes cytoplasm of megakaryocytes is gradually broken down and converted into platelets the multilobed nucleus is phagocytose by macrophages

Question 43

Blood Clot

Answer 43

Platelets Fibrin Polymers Clotting Factors Can Contract to allow blood flow

Question 44

Define: Fibrin Polymers

Answer 44

produced by liver as fibrinogen cleaved by thrombin to form fibrin polymerizes to form clot degraded by plasmin whole process occurs in the blood

Question 45

\_\_\_ allows aggregation at sites of endothelial damage

Answer 45

Collagen-binding

Question 46

Platelets release factors that….

Answer 46

promote further aggregation initiate the coagulation cascade, producing a fibrin polymer when combined with plasma proteins and endothelial factors releases enzymes that promote clot removal with plasmin (endothelial/plasma generated)

Question 47

Define: Complete Blood Count (CBC)

Answer 47

* use automated blood cell counters * flow cytometry-based methods * count approximately 10,000 cells of each type * count all types of cell present * based on type of cell is diagnostic

Question 48

Define: WBC Test

Answer 48

Leukocyte count measures total leukocytes

Question 49

When is Leukocyte count increased?

Answer 49

inflammation, stress, labor

Question 50

When is Leukocyte count decreased?

Answer 50

cancer treatment, autoimmune disease, HIV/AIDS

Question 51

Define: WBC Differential Test

Answer 51

Leukocyte Types measures relative numbers

Question 52

Define: RBC Count Test

Answer 52

Erythrocyte count measures total erythrocytes

Question 53

When is Erythrocyte count increased?

Answer 53

high altitude (Low O₂), cancer, genetics

Question 54

When is Erythrocyte count decreased?

Answer 54

anemia (blood loss, iron deficiency, pregnancy)

Question 55

Define: Hematocrit test

Answer 55

measures RBC

Question 56

Define: HgB Test

Answer 56

Hemoglobin measures oxygen capacity increased and decreased as RBC count

Question 57

Define: Erythrocyte Indices Test

Answer 57

measures size and hemoglobin/cell

Question 58

Define: Platelets Test

Answer 58

measures thromocytes

Question 59

When would platelet counts be increased?

Answer 59

inflammation, splenectomy

Question 60

When would platelet count be decreased?

Answer 60

use/lysis

Question 61

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is not nucleated and not fragmented

Answer 61

Erythrocyte → RBC

Question 62

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is not nucleated but is fragmented

Answer 62

Platelet

Question 63

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, has no granules and no visible cytoplasm

Answer 63

Lymphocyte

Question 64

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, has no granules, has visible cytoplasm

Answer 64

monocyte

Question 65

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, cell has granules → granules are not stained

Answer 65

Neutrophil

Question 66

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, cell has pink stained granules

Answer 66

eosinophil

Question 67

Identify the Cell Type: Cell is nucleated, cell has blue stained granules

Answer 67

basophil

Question 68

\_\_\_ is a specialized form of CT containing cells in a specialized ECM called plasma

Answer 68

Blood

Question 69

Plasma contains….

Answer 69

proteins important for transport, and ions at a similar concentration to interstitial fluid

Question 70

WBCs (leukocytes) are immune cells traveling from…

Answer 70

their area of formation (bone marrow) to peripheral tissues

Question 71

RBCs are ___ in mammals, and contain…

Answer 71

RBCs are anucleated in mammals, and contain hemoglobin to transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 72

Platelets are…

Answer 72

cell fragments that participate in clotting (both formation and lysis of clots)