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Histo 1 > The Central Nervous System > Flashcards

The Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What stains are used for nerve tissue?

A

H&E
Nissl Stain
Osmium
Luxol Fast Blue
Silver Staining
Golgi Stain

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2
Q

Basic Neuron Structures

A

multipolar, bipolar, pseudounipolar

dendrites

cell body

axon

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3
Q

Neuron Configurations

A
  • Motor
    • multipolar
  • Sensory
    • Bipolar
    • pseudounipolar
  • Integrative
    • pyramidal
    • interneurons
    • Purkinje cell
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4
Q

Neuron Cell Body (Perikaryon)

A

“trophic center” - supports the process

contains nucleus with well developed nucleolus

nucleus is generally euchromatic → DNA is not compacted due to high transcriptional activity

Highly developed RER → nissl bodies

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5
Q

Axon

A

Constant diameter

generally do not branch

May be very long

Bidirectional transport

Specific motor proteins → Kinesin (anterograde → body to axon), Dynein (retrograde, axon to body)

Axon hillock → part of signal generation, stains more lightly b/c clear of organelles

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6
Q

Basic Neuron Histology

A
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7
Q

Dendrites

A

Small, branching processes important for neural plasticity → learning, adaptation, memory

contains actin filaments

receive and process signals

multiple synapses

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8
Q

Dendrite Histology

A
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9
Q

Synapses

A

(example of chemical synapse) Neurotransmitter release promotes ion uptake in postsynaptic membrane

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10
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

ACh and NE discovered first

can be excitatory or inhibitory

usually amines, amino acids, or small peptides

degraded in synaptic cleft, or taken up by exocytosis (prevent prolonged stimulation)

may act as paracrine hormones outside the. nervous system

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11
Q

Nervous System Organization

A
  • Functional
    • sensory
    • motor
  • Anatomical
    • central
    • peripheral
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12
Q

Nervous System: Functional Division: Sensory Nervous System

A
  • Some CNS and PNS components → includes all axons that transmit impulses from a peripheral structure to the CNS
  • Somatic sensory → transmits input from skin, fascia, joints, and skeletal muscle
  • Visceral sensory → transmit input from stomach and intestines (viscera)
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13
Q

Nervous System: Functional Division: Motor Nervous System

A
  • Some CNS and PNS components → includes all axons that transmit from the CNS to a muscle or gland
  • Somatic motor (somatic nervous system) → voluntary control of muscles (skeletal)
  • Autonomic motor (autonomic nervous system) → involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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14
Q

Nervous System: Anatomical Division: Central Nervous System

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

Overall “command center”, processing and integrating information

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15
Q

Nervous System: Anatomical Division: Peripheral Nervous System

A

Ganglion (ganglia)

Peripheral nerves (axons of nerves)

Receives and projects information to and from the CNS; mediates some reflexes

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16
Q

Where is grey matter found in the brain?

A

cortex

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17
Q

Where is white matter found in the brain?

A

Medulla → nerve fibers and glial cells

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18
Q

Where is grey matter found in the spinal cord?

A

Medulla

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19
Q

Where is white matter found in the spinal cord?

A

Cortex

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20
Q

Where is the dorsal horn of the spinal cord?

A

Back (top)

gray matter

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21
Q

Where is the ventral horn found in the spinal cord?

A

Front (bottom)

gray matter

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22
Q

What are the three CT layers in the CNS?

A

Dura mater

arachnoid → subarachnoid space

pia mater (looser CT)

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23
Q

Tract

A

bundle of nerve fibers

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24
Q

Nuclei

A

prominate in spinal cord

aggregates of cell bodies

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25
Glial Cells
Supporting Cells
26
Oligodendrocytes
cells that make myelin sheath
27
Types of Supporting Cells
Astrocytes Microglia Satellite Cells Myelin Sheath → Oligodendrocytes,, Schwann Cells
28
Astrocytes
important for support of processes form part of the blood brain barrier express glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)
29
The Blood-Brain Barrier
lipid soluble things can cross bind to basement membrane of cells and form walls of capillaries regulate tight junctions
30
Microglia
Clean up resident macrophages of the CNS remove dead or dying neurons
31
Oligodendrocytes
wrap processes around fibers to produce myelin sheath insulates process to speed signal transduction
32
Cerebral Hemisphere
* Contralater control * right (hemisphere) controls things on left (Body) * left (hemisphere) controls things on right (body) * connected by neuron processes covered in fatty myelin sheath * white matter * cerebral white matter (associated with cortex) * corpus callosum (connects hemispheres) * internal capsule (connect cortex with brain stem)
33
Fluid in the Brain
contained in spaces called ventricles four cerebroventricles (associated with cerebrum) chorid plexus makes cerebral spinal fluid
34
Ventricles
First and Second ventricles are separated by the septum pellucidum fourth is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord Lined with simple cuboidal epithelium (ependymal cells) CSF enters venous blood through superior sagittal sinus
35
How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) move around?
CSF drains into the dural venous sinuses → as blood drains from superior cerebral veins to area known as confluence of the sinuses as blood flows, CSF flows into it superior sagittal sinus
36
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
* Protects the brain (cushioning) * easy movement between spaces distributes fluid to avoid pressure changes * blockage increases pressure (damages neurons) * Removal of metabolic waste * drains from around CNS tissue into blood * Produced in choroid Plexus * choroid fissure in lateral ventricle * roof of 3rd and 4th ventricles * ependymal cells specialized for secretion * meningeal blood vessels (fluid production)
37
Choroid plexus
simple cuboidal epithelium loose lateral borders for fluid movement
38
Choroid plexus histology
39
Cerebrum
* majority of brain in mammals * Highly convoluted surface * ridges - gyri/gyrus * grooves - sulci/sulcus * increase surface area which increases amount of cortex * relatively flat in chicken * Each hemisphere has 5 lobes
40
What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum?
Frontal (most rostral) Parietal (separated from frontal by central sulcus) Temporal (below parietal) Occipital (at the back) Insula (under frontal, parietal, temporal)
41
Cerebral cortex (neocortex)
3 functional components: Motor, Sensory Association
42
What is association?
receive sensory input and process develop response predict consequences all 4 lobes not well developed in cats and dogs, but present
43
Association in the Lobes
* Cognitive * Parietal * Occipital * General Alertness, Intelligence, and Temperament * Frontal Lobe * Learning and Memory * Temporal
44
Motor in the Lobes
Humans - anterior to central sulcus Other mammals - rostral to central sulcus Pyramidal system - corticospinal fibers that travel through base of medulla oblongata → structures in base are cells medullary pyramids → travel to somatic motor neurons in the spinal cord
45
Sensory in the Lobes
throughout the cortex
46
What are the 6 layers of the Cerebrum in the cortex?
1. molecular layer → no neurons, stain more lightly, next to pia mater 2. external granular layer → no pyramidal cells 3. External pyramidal cell layer → contains pyramidal cells 4. internal granular layer → no pyramidal cells 5. ganglionic layer (internal pyramidal layer) → contains pyramidal cells 6. multiform (polymorphic) cell layer →. no pyramidal cells, close to white matter (closest to medulla), widely varied appearance
47
Cerebrum Histology
48
Pyramidal Cell Histology
49
Diencephalon
* Thalamus * major relay station for sensory information * Hypothalamus * endocrine organ that controls homeostasis and reproduction * Epithalamus * Endocrine organ that senses light * controls sleep/wake cycles through melatonin * seasonal breeding (estrus in sheep)
50
Cerebellum
* Second largest region (10% of mass) * contains half of all neurons * small convolutions call folia * purkinje cells * controls movement through connections to the brainstem and the cerebrum * coordination of muscle groups * control of stance and gait * regulation of muscle tone
51
Purkinje Cells
Large with extensive dendritic tree receive input from up to 200,000 neurons includes proprioceptive, visual, tactile, balance, and auditory sensory information
52
What happens if there is damage to the cerebellum?
interferes with performance of motor tasks does not produce paralysis
53
What are the 3 layers of the cerebellum in cortex?
1. Molecular layer 2. Purkinje Cel layer 3. granule layer 4. white matter (medulla)
54
Cerebellum Histology
55
Stellate vs. Basket Cell Histology
56
Medulla Histology
57
Medulla Oblongata
* Continuous with spinal cord * Three major groups of nuclei * part of reticular formation (autonomic) * cardiovascular center * respiratory center * cranial nerves * relay stations from sensory and motor pathways
58
Spinal Cord Anatomy
* Continuation of Medulla Oblongata * In adult mammals, extends to lumbar vertebrae (½) * End is tapered section (conus medullaris) * amount of gray matter is highest at this point * decreases ascending to medulla oblongata * arachnoids and pia mater extend to sacrum to anchor the spinal cord * area is known as filum terminale * surrounded by bone meninges, and CSF * between meninges and bone is epidural space filled with loose CT, fat, and blood vessels
59
Distribution of white/gray matter through spinal cord?
More white matter towards top more gray matter towards bottom
60
Spinal Cord Histology
61
Central Canal Histology
contains CSF lined with simple cuboidal epithelium (ependymal cells)
62
Ventral horns of the spinal cord histology
Motor Neurons
63
Dorsal Horns of the Spinal Cord
Sensory Neurons
64
Meninges
Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia Mater
65
Meninges: Dura Mater
“tough mother” tough fibrous layer dense CT outer layer connects to skull
66
Meninges: Arachnoid Mater
loose covering over subarachnoid space villi project through dura to sinus CSF from 4th vesicle is found in subarachnoid space large blood vessels in space (send capillaries and blood vessels through brain)
67
Meninges: Pia Mater
Thin covering adheres to CNS surface small blood vessels that traverse into brain
68
Dura Mater Histology
69
Arachnoid Histology
70
Pia Mater Histology

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