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Histo 1 > The Immune System > Flashcards

The Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Antigen

A

protein (or protein sequence) recognized by an antibody

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2
Q

Define: Antigen-presenting Cell (APC)

A

large, typically dendritic cell that recognizes foreign cells/materials, internalizes and digests them (into small fragments), and presents the resulting antigens to effector immune cells

fragments are presented on the surface by MHC

EX: macrophages

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3
Q

Define: CD Marker

A

cell surface protein that acts as a marker for a class of cells

CD → cluster of differentiation

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4
Q

Define: B Cells

A

make antibodies

named after the bursa Fabricius → a structure found in birds where lymphocytes differentiate → when destroyed, birds could not make antibodies

produced/mature in in bone marrow

travel through blood (lymphocytes)

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5
Q

Define: T Cells

A

named after the thymus, found in mammals and birds → when removed shortly after birth, animals cannot mount cell-mediated immune responses

produced in bone marrow

mature in thymus

travel through blood (lymphocytes)

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6
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

protection

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7
Q

What does the immune system require?

A

Adaptability

Surveillance

Rapid Response

Barrier

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8
Q

Define: Innate (natural) Immunity

A
  • first line of defense
  • can recognize non-self and attack it directly → can kill bacteria without the help of other things
  • cytokines and complement
  • phagocytic cell
  • for viruses - NK cells, interferons
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9
Q

Define: Adaptive (acquired) Immunity

A

Recognizes sequences → adaptive, memory

specifically distinguishes self from non-self

anticipates non-self by random protein rearrangement

antibodies, MHC, T-Cell receptors

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10
Q

What are the Two Types of Adaptive Immunity?

A
  • Humoral immunity → antibody mediated (plasma cells)
  • Cell-mediated immunity → T cells, B cells, and antigen-presenting cells
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11
Q

Define: Complement

A

way for your body to deal with things without using cells

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12
Q

Innate Immunity in Action

A
  • Bacterial cell surface induces cleavage and activation of complement
  • complement fragment bonds to bacteria, another to an effector cell
  • the complement receptor on the effector cell binds to the complement fragment on the bacteria
  • The effector cell engulfs the bacterium, kills it, and breaks it down

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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13
Q

Acquired Immunity in Action

A
  • During development, progenitor cells give rise to large numbers of lymphocytes, each with a different specificity (B and T cells)
  • During infection, lymphocytes with receptors that recognize the pathogen are activated (random rearrangement to produce variety)
  • proliferation and differentiation of pathogen-activated lymphocytes give effector cells that terminate the infection (T and plasma cells)
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14
Q

Components of the Immune System

A
  • Diffuse Lymphatic
  • Tissue/Nodules → MALT (Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue), BALT (Bronchial-associated), GALT (Gut-associated)
  • Lymph Nodes
  • Spleen → cell production of functional cells
  • Thymus → cell production of functional cells
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15
Q

Define: Epithelium

A

Forms tissues that act as barriers → mucosal linings, skin

lines free surfaces

separates from underlying tissue

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16
Q

Define: Mucosal Linings

A

Body parts exposed to things outside that isnt your skin

epithelium and lamina propria

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17
Q

Define: Lamina Propria

A

Loose CT underneath mucosal epithelium

rich in immune cells

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18
Q

Functions of the Integument system

A
  • Protection (barrier) → Physical, Chemical, Pathogens, Desiccation, UV
  • Thermoregulation
  • Pressure and touch reception
  • Excretion
  • Production of vitamin D
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19
Q

Define: Epidermis

A

physical

keratinized epithelium

substantial cell-cell junctions

also has APCs

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20
Q

Define: Dermis

A

CT component

immune cells

lymph/blood vessels

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21
Q

Immune System Surveillance

A

begins at the surface

dendritic cells, T cells, macrophages, plasma cells, etc.

In epithelium (skin) and underlying CT (skin and mucosa)

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22
Q

Resident Cells of the Lamina Propria of Mucosa

A

Fibroblasts → collagen production

Macrophages → clean up, release inflammatory mediators

Mast cells → release inflammatory mediators

Plasma cells → antibody production

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23
Q

Migratory Cells of the Lamina Propria of Mucosa

A

Lymphocytes (T/B) → frequent

Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) → variable

Monocytes (immature macrophages) → found in resident tissue

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24
Q

Define: Macrophages

A

aka histiocytes (in skin)

ingest foreign matter

enhance lymphocyte activity

precursor → monocyte

phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms → activation of T cells and initiation of immune responses

resident

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25
Define: Mast Cells
granules contain histamine/heparin release chemotactic factors single central nucleus → eosinophilic or basophilic granules expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents precursors mature in the spleen
26
Define: Plasma Cell
Mature B Cells Make antibodies comet shape fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies
27
Define: Gut-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (GALT)
Found in → oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestines (peyer's patch, appendix), rectum
28
Define: Peyer's Patch
white lumps in illium large number of small lymphatic nodules in one area
29
Diffuse vs. Nodules
* both are the site of the initial immune response * components * diffuse → T/B cells travel to lymph nodes, mature, return to tissue * plasma cells, eosinophils * Nodules → concentrations of lymphocytes
30
Define: Primary Nodule
small lymphocytes collection of unactivated small lymphocytes
31
Define: Secondary Nodule
lymphocytic proliferation in response to antigen produces larger cells that do not stain as darkly (germinal center) differentiation of plasma cells
32
Define: Corona
darker staining rim
33
Bronchi-Associated Lymphatic Tissue (BALT)
* found in the bronchial tree * trachea * bronchus (bronchi) * bronchioles (only larger ones) * not in the alveoli (dust cells) * Thick basement membrane → good barrier
34
Respiratory Epithelium
* Ciliated (C) → move bacteria away from lung * pseudo stratified → barrier * thick basement membrane (BM) → barrier * Goblet Cells (G) → capture bacteria * Highly Vascular (V) CT
35
Immune System Drainage System
Extracellular (interstitial) fluid exits tissue and enters thin walled vessels called lymph vessels
36
What is the function of the lymph nodes?
filter lymph fluid
37
Afferent
peripheral tissue to Lymph Nodes pathogens from site of infection reach lymph nodes via lymphatics
38
Efferent
Lymph Node to blood (exit) lymphocytes and lymph return to the blood via lymphatics
39
Define: Lymph Nodes
Filter Lymph to expose immune cells to non-self antigens not destroyed in peripheral tissue encapsulated
40
Lymph node circulation
into lymph node from afferent vessels out of lymph node from efferent vessel (hilum) high endothelial venule → taller than normal epithelium (cuboidal) Lymph enters subcapsular sinus → travels through paratrabecular sinus to medulla
41
Define: Lymph
protein with fluid stains eosinophilic if retained
42
Clearance of Lymph
* cells in medulla recognize antigen and bind * T cells activated by dendritic cells * Plasma Cells activated by T cells * Macrophages kill bacteria
43
Define: Hematopoiesis
Production of cells in the bone marrow
44
Define: Small Lymphocyte
production of antibodies (B Cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (T cells)
45
Define: Dendritic Cell
Activation of T cells and initiation of adaptive immune response
46
Define: Natural Killer Cell
Kills cells infected with certain viruses
47
Define: Monocyte
circulating precursor cell to macrophage in transit → becomes macrophage
48
Define: Neutrophil
granulocyte phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms
49
Define: Eosinophl
granulocyte killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
50
Define: Basophil
granulocyte controlling immune responses to parasites
51
Define: Megakaryocyte
platelet formation wound repair bone marrow only
52
Define: Eryhtrocyte (RBC)
oxygen transport no immune function
53
Define: Lymphocytes
* B Cells * mature into plasma cells * T cells * mature into T helper cells or cytotoxic/suppressor T Cells can only differentiate with IHC
54
Define: Granulocytes
* Neutrophils * WBC; bacterial phagocytosis * Eosinophils * anti-parasitic WBC * Basophils * WBC; similar to mast cells
55
Define: Leukocytes
in bone marrow granulocytes monocytes
56
Thymus
medulla is continuous → light staining cortex → lobules separated by trabecula → darker staining
57
T cell maturation and quality control
* differentiation begins in cortex of thymus * T cell receptor expression * CD4 and CD8 expression * In medulla, specialize: * express either CD4 or CD8 * still express T cell * Tested for Function: * eliminate those that cannot function (positive selection) * eliminate those that recognize self (negative selection) * Managed by epithelioreticular cell (Hall monitors) * macrophages to digest failures * tag any cells that fail the selection process for destruction by macrophages
58
What must be expressed for T cells to leave the cortex?
must express both CD4 and CD8
59
What must be expressed for T cells to leave the medulla?
CD4 or CD8 only needs one
60
What happens if the T cells don't express the requirements to leave the cortex and medulla?
they will be killed by macrophages
61
Define: Positive Selection
eliminate those who cannot function because they don't properly express receptors
62
Define: Negative Selection
eliminate those recognize self antigens
63
Define: Epithelioreticular Cells
dendritic extend processes keep an eye on T cells in thymus
64
What is the function of T Cells?
* only recognize epitopes bound to MHC * Responsible for cell-mediated immune response * CD8+ cytotoxic T cells * CD8+ suppressor T cells * T memory cells (anamnestic response) * rapid and intense secondary response * second dose → feel worse * Facilitate B cell response * CD4+ T Helper Cells * Produce cytokines * induce B cells to differentiate
65
How do T cells kill?
release various products to promote cell death
66
Define: Interleukins
like hormones but at the cellular level Similar to growth factors, but immunological Promote leukocyte growth and interactions
67
Define: Interferons
Anti-proliferative and antiviral activities stimulate cytolytic activity in NK cells. macrophages, and lymphocytes
68
What are the primary functions of the spleen?
* Cardiovascular (red pulp → blood) * Remove aging RBCs * destruction (macrophages) * iron recycling * Blood storage * Immune (white pulp→ immune cells) * T and B cell activation and proliferation (forms splenic nodule) * mast cell maturation and activation * monitor for blood-bourne antigens (also red pulp → macrophages and APCs)
69
What is the function of B Cells?
formed in bone marrow have surface immunoglobulins express MHCII to present antigen to T helpers promotes T helper formation (IL-12 production) Proliferate during humoral response → B memory cells and plasma cells facilitate amnestic response to humoral response
70
Define: Antibodies
part of humoral response Bind to particular epitope → recognized as antigen produced by mature B cells (plasma cells)
71
What are the 5 isotypes of antibodies?
IgG IgM IgA IgE IgB
72
How do antibodies work?
* bacterial toxins meet cell with receptors for toxin → antibody recognizes toxin and binds to it so it can't bind to cell → phagocyte ingests and destroys toxin → toxin neutralized * Bacteria in EC space → opsonization → antibody bind to bacteria → phagocyte ingests and destroys toxin * Bacteria in EC space → opsonization → antibody recognizes and binds to bacteria + complement → phagocyte ingests and destroys toxin
73
What is the major function of nodules?
immune surveillance of mucosa
74
What are the characteristic features of nodules?
diffuse lymphatic tissue with nodules beneath epithelium
75
What is the major function of nodes?
filter lymph respond to antigens in lymph
76
What are the characteristic features of nodes?
lymphatic sinuses reticular meshwork
77
What is the major function of the thymus?
develop immunocompetent T cells
78
What are the characteristic features of the Thymus?
lobules meshwork of epithelioreticular cells hassall's corpuscle
79
What are the major functions of the spleen?
filter blood remove old RBCs respond to circulating antigens
80
What are the characteristic features of the spleen?
White pulp → PALS, nodules with central artery Red Pulp → cords and sinuses

Histo 1 (13 decks)

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