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Histo 1 > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of CT is bone/cartilage?

A

specialized

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2
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Primarily Structural
often the stroma of organs
includes cushioning CT found almost everywhere
cells organized in specialized ECM
classified based on ECM

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3
Q

Properties of Connective Tissue

A

Cells → mostly fibroblasts and immune cells; other specialized cells for specific function

Collagen (or collagen-based) fibers in a matrix

Matrix contains carbohydrates-based protein complexes that retain water → absorb force, maintain shape

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4
Q

Cell types that make collagen

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Reticular cell
  • smooth muscle cells
  • epithelial cells
  • equivalents
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5
Q

Cartilage Basics

A
  • Avascular Tissues
  • Structural Support (absorb stress)
  • fibrous matrix more rigid than other CT → less rigid than bone
  • water content
    • proteoglycans and other glycoproteins retain water
    • water has limited compressibility
    • provides flexibility and resiliency, diffusion
  • collagen fibers provide tensile strength
  • elastic fibers allow the collagen to regain original shape
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6
Q

Define: Chondrocytes

A

Mature cells

same progenitor as fibroblasts

produce collagen and other parts of cartilage matrix → proteoglycans, multiadhesive glycoproteins

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7
Q

Define: Territorial Matrix

A

matrix around cell

stains darker

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8
Q

Define: Interterritorial Matrix

A

matrix between cells

stains lighter

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9
Q

Cartilage Development

A

From mesenchyme

progenitor cells differentiate to chondroblasts

chondroblasts produce matrix

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10
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A

Appositional

Interstitial

no exclusive (both may occur in same cartilage)

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11
Q

Define: Appositional Cartilage growth

A

new cartilage forms at the surface of existing cartilage

cartilage added from outer edges

chondroblasts in perichondrium

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12
Q

Define: Interstitial Cartilage Growth

A

new cartilage forms within existing cartilage

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13
Q

Cartilage Growth

A
  • Matrix surrounds chondroblast
    • fully surrounded → chondrocyte
  • Newer matrix
    • territorial matrix → stains darker
  • Interstitial Growth
    • chondroblasts in middle of cartilage divide mitotically
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14
Q

3 Types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

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15
Q

What is found in all three types of cartilage?

A

chondrocytes in lacunae

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16
Q

Identifying Cartilage: Fibrocartilage

A

visible fibers; no perichondrium

associated with dense CT

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17
Q

Identifying Cartilage: Elastic Cartilage

A

elastic stain; perichondrium

similar to (and often continuous with) hyaline cartilage

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18
Q

Identifying Cartilage: Hyaline Cartilage

A

Glassy appearance; perichondrium

high proteoglycan content

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19
Q

Where is Hyaline Cartilage found?

A

fetal skeletal tissue, epiphyseal plates, articular surface, respiratory system

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20
Q

Major features of Hyaline Cartilage

A
  • avascular
  • surrounded by perichondrium
  • high water content makes matrix glassy
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21
Q

Function of the Hyaline Matrix

A

Provides low friction, smooth surface

participates in lubricating synovial joints

distributes applied forces to the underlying bone

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22
Q

Components of Hyaline Matrix

A

collagen (mostly type II)

proteoglycan aggregates

chondrocytes

water

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23
Q

Ground Substance

A

Water and salts (primary cation is sodium)

complex carbohydrates (water retention)

proteoglycans (water retention)

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24
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

external ear

epiglottis

larynx (auditory tube)

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25
Define: Elastic cartilage
hyaline cartilage with elastic fibers avascular surrounded by perichondrium
26
Elastic Cartilage Matrix Function
provides low friction, smooth surface participates in lubricating synovial joints distributes applied forces to the underlying bone can stretch and regain original shape (less prone to breaking)
27
Components of Elastic Cartilage Matrix
collagen (mostly type II) elastic fibers and lamellae proteoglycan aggregates chondrocytes water
28
What is the difference between Elastic and Hyaline Cartilage?
presence of elastic fibers in elastic cartilage and not in Hyaline cartilage
29
Where is fibrocartilage found?
tendon-bone junction intervertebral discs menisci (knee) etc.
30
Features of Fibrocartilage
fewer proteoglycans, more collagen fibers often associated with dense regular CT avascular lacks a perichondrium chondrocytes and fibroblasts surrounded by type I collagen
31
Function of Fibrocartilage Matrix
resistance to compression, shear stress less likely to deform
32
Components of fibrocartilage matrix
collagen (type I and II) proteoglycan aggregates chondrocytes (isogenous rows) fibroblasts Water
33
What is the difference between fibrocartilage and dense regular CT?
Dense regular CT → cells have no lacunae Fibrocartilage → cells have a lacunae, cells lined up
34
What is the structure of long bones?
* contain 3 parts: * epiphysis * metaphysis * diaphysis
35
Define: Periosteum
fibrous CT inner layer of osteoblasts
36
Define: Endosteum (osteoblasts)
marrow cavity
37
Define: Articular Surface
where two bones that move in apposition meet
38
Structural Function of Bone
protects internal organs mechanical movements (w/ skeletal muscle)
39
Metabolic function of Bone
* Hematopoiesis (blood cell production in marrow) * calcium/phosphate storage * regulated by hormones * amount of hormone released depends on blood calcium levels
40
Bone Basics: ECM: Bone Matrix
collagen and hydroxyapatite crystals (calcium phosphate) proteoglycans and glycoproteins growth factors cytokines
41
Bone Basics: Cells
Osteoblasts → not surrounded by matrix Osteocytes → surrounded by matrix Osteoclasts → cleaves bone matrix to free up Ca and Phosphate
42
Types of Bone: Macroscopic
Compact bone cancellous bone
43
Define: Compact Bone
Dense, continuous outer layer
44
Define: Cancellous Bone
spongy bone network of trabeculae interior of bones surrounded by marrow
45
Types of Bone: Microscopic
Woven Lamellar
46
Define: Woven Bone
immature developing not as organized
47
Define: Lamellar Bone
Mature visible layers
48
Define: Circumferential Lamellae
Goes around entire circumference of long bone
49
Define: Haversian Canals
run parallel to long axis
50
Define: Volkman's Canals
perforating canal connect HC
51
Define: Canaliculi
connect osteocytes to one another or to HC/VC
52
Define: Osteons
chief structural unit of compact bone degraded and reformed in regular manner
53
Define: Interstitial Lamellae
remnants of old osteons
54
Define: Osteoprogenitor Cells
line marrow cavity differentiate into osteoblasts
55
Define: Osteoblast
line marrow cavity; deposit matrix active cells produce collagen (I) lay down hydroxyapatite matrix become encased in matrix (osteocytes)
56
Define: Bone-lining cells
inactive osteoblasts cover static bone
57
Define: osteocytes
mature bone cell; maintain matrix encased in matrix located in lacuna extends processes through canaliculi
58
Define: Osteoclasts
phagocytic bone cell; bone resorption large multinucleate cells lie in howship's lacuna on surface degrade matrix by releasing enzyme have small projections to absorb degraded matrix
59
Bone Mineralization
* increase local calcium, phosphate concentrations * osteocalcin binds calcium * osteoblasts secrete alkaline phosphatase, which increases local phosphate * Secretion of vesicles that accumulate additional calcium and phosphate * increase in local isoelectrical point crystallizes CaPO4 * Additional crystallization into hydroxyapatite crystals initial deposit called osteoid (less mineralized) → stains more lightly than fully mineralized matrix
60
Two Methods of Bone Development
Intramembranous ossification Endochondral ossification
61
Define: Intramembranous Ossification
similar cartilage mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts osteoblasts lay down matrix
62
Define: Endochondral Ossification
* Long bone development * from hyaline cartilage template * Multiple steps: * Proliferation * Hypertrophy * Calcification * Resorption
63
Endochondral Ossification: Proliferation
Increase number of cells
64
Endochondral Ossification: Hypertrophy
Increase size of cells
65
Endochondral Ossification: Resorption
replace cartilage and lay down bone matrix
66
Endochondral Ossification: Calcification
Matrix Darkens
67
Bone remodeling
bone is not static * osteoclasts bore through tissue * osteoblasts lay down new matrix (osteoid) * lamellae reach minimum circumference * Haversian canal is lined by bone-lining cells (endosteal cells)
68
What are the two types of synoviocytes in Synovial Membrane?
Phagocytic Productive
69
Synovial Membrane: Synoviocytes: Phagocytic
digests debris “clean up” in synovial fluid
70
Synovial Membrane: Synoviocytes: Productive
makes synovial fluid
71
Contents of synovial fluid
hyaluronan → important for cushioning lubricin nutrients (including oxygen)
72
Function of Synovial Fluid
cushioning impact lubrication of the articular cartilage support of the articular cartilage
73
Bone Breaks
* bone breaks * blood clot forms * soft callus formation → granulation tissue and fibrocartilage form * sponge bone fills * bone remodeling → new compact bone
74
Blast vs. Cyte
Blast Builds Cyte is Surrounded (Cyte sits) Clasts cleave
75
Blast v. Cyte: Chondroblast/Osteoblast
lay down new matrix build up tissue
76
Blast v. Cyte: Chondrocyte/Osteocyte
maintain tissue surrounded by matrix
77
Both cartilage and bone have cells in…
lacuna
78
Cartilage is support without…
rigidity collagen fibers in substantial water-based solid matrix
79
Bone is more __ that cartilage, but still has some flexibility
rigid
80
bone ___ constantly, and can heal from \_\_. Cartilage is __ in both respects.
bone **remodels** constantly, and can heal from **breaks**. Cartilage is **limited** in both respects.

Histo 1 (13 decks)

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