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Ex Phys (ESC280) > Cardiovascular System (Chapter 6) > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System (Chapter 6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Roles of the CV system

A
  • work with all organs and systems
  • deliver oxygen and fuel
  • remove waste
  • circulate hormones and immune components
  • regulate temp and acid-base
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2
Q

What does blood flow determine

A

max capacity for sustained work

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3
Q

Vessels from largest to smallest

A
  • arteries
  • arterioles
  • capillaries
  • venules
  • vein
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4
Q

Circulation routes

A

pulmonary - heart to lungs
peripheral/systemic - heart to whole body

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5
Q

Name the 4 chambers

A

2 atria’s and 2 ventricles

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6
Q

Name the 4 valves and where they are in the heart

A

Atrioventricular
tricuspid - right atrium to ventricle
bicuspid - left atrium to ventricle
Semilunar
pulmonary - right ventricle
aortic - left ventricle

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7
Q

Pericardium

A

tough, membranous sac (encloses the heart)

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8
Q

Blood flow though the heart

A
  • enters right atrium from vena cave
  • pumped though tricuspid into right ventricle
  • pumped though pulmonary valve into pulmonary artery
  • goes to lungs
  • enters after lungs though pulmonary veins into left atrium
  • pumped though bicuspid into left ventricle
  • pumped though aortic valve into aorta
  • goes to whole body
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9
Q

2 coronary arteries

A
  • branch off of aorta and on outside of heart
  • blood is fully oxygenated
  • high BP
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10
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) contraction and force generation

A
  • high mitochondrial density
  • extensive capillary network
  • aerobic energy for contraction
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11
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) intercalated disc

A
  • spread impulse to contract
  • transfers AP to adjoining cells
  • syncytial contraction (simultaneously)
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12
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) AP

A
  • long and slow
  • Ca+ is stored on outside of cell
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13
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) thickness

A

thick chamber wall = great force (contraction)

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14
Q

Myocardium (heart muscle) and regular physical training and chronic hypertension

A
  • inc left ventricle wall thickness and mass
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15
Q

Cardiac cycle (heart beat)

A
  • systole (contraction phase)
  • diastole (relaxation/filling phase)
  • “lub-dub” sound is valves closing
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16
Q

Bradycardia

A

< 60 bpm

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17
Q

Normal heart rate

A

60-100 bpm

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18
Q

tachycardiac

A

> 100 bpm

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19
Q

Extrinsic Control

A

nervous system input from medulla oblongata

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20
Q

Extrinsic Control: PSNS

A
  • dec HR
  • vagus nerve to SA and AV nodes
  • release of acetylcholine limits both
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21
Q

Extrinsic Control: SNS

A
  • inc HR
  • cardiac accelerator nerve to SA and AV
  • release of norepinephrine speeds both
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22
Q

Extrinsic Control: endocrine glands

A
  • epinephrine from adrenal gland speed HR and inc contractility
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23
Q

Intrinsic Control

A
  • nodes, AV bundle, and bundle branches
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24
Q

Intrinsic Control: sinoatrial (SA nodes)

A
  • pacemaker
  • AP starts on own and spreads to all cells
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25
Intrinsic Control: atrioventricular (AV node)
- delays impulse by 1/10th of a sec allowing atria to fill and then contract before ventricle
26
Intrinsic Control: purkinje fibers
- spreads impulse to contract ventricles
27
Electrocardiogram
- graphical representation of the hearts electrical activity (intrinsic) - electrodes are placed on skin record depolarization and repolarization of cardiac muscle fibers
28
Electrocardiogram axis's
- y-axis: vertical height of a wave shows amount of electrical activity - x-axis: horizontal length of the wave represents time
29
Electrocardiogram circuits
- created between the electrodes and called "leads" - different angles though the heart - positive and negative pole
30
Electrocardiogram circuit poles
- electrical flow towards positive pole = positive deflection - electrical flow towards negative pole = negative deflection - the more direct the stronger the deflection - EKG waves describe each deflection
31
P wave
depolarization of atria
32
QRS complex
depolarization of ventricle Q: septal wall R: ventricle S: purkinje fibers
33
T wave
repolarization of ventricle
34
proper intrinsic control
duration and intervals between waves
35
Sinus rhythm
all the waves are present and within time limits
36
ST depression
- sign of ischemia - limited blood supply to cardiac muscles causing ST to be sloped (not flat)
37
Arterial fibrillation
- other cells (not SA node) triggers contraction = atria spasm - causes inefficient pumping with left over blood in atria - EKG will have irregular QRS, no P wave, inc HR
38
Cardiac Arrest
loss of heart function due to dysrhythmia (random rhythm)
39
Asystole
absence of any electrical activity (no rhythm) use CRP
40
Stroke volume
volume of blood pumped out with each cardiac cycle
41
End diastolic volume
blood in ventricles during filling (end of diastolic)
42
End systolic volume
blood in ventricles after pump (end of systolic)
43
Ejection fraction
- SV/EDV (SV as %) - 60-75% is normal at rest, slight inc with exercise
44
SV inc during exercise (frank starling)
- more blood in in ventricles causes it to stretch more and contract with more force
45
SV inc during exercise (venous return)
- inc - contraction of skeletal muscle inc the speed of blood back to the heart = inc blood in atrium = more blood pumped
46
Cardiac Output (Q)
volume of blood pumped per min (HR x SV) - men: 5 L/min - women: 4.5 L/min
47
Cardiac Output in train and untrain people
- Q is about the same in trained and untrained people - trained people have a higher SV = dec HR
48
Cardiac Output and heart failure
- the heart cant pump enough blood to meet the bodies need - ejection fraction is <40% - typically due to enlarged heart
49
Factors that influence HR
- inc with age - dec with cardiovascular fitness
50
Max HR
- always constant (no change with training) - varies based on exercise mode (venous return) and genetics - slight dec from year to year
51
Tanaka equation
208 - (0.7 x age)
52
Chronic endurance training adaptations
- inc BV, venous return, contractility, and thickness of ventricle walls - larger ventricles
53
chronic endurance training results in
- inc EDV, SV at all intensity's, and max Q - dec HR at rest and at submaxim intensity's - no change in max HR or resting Q
54
inc intensity
- inc HR and SV to produce enough Q to continue delivering Q2 - SV does not inc at high intensities - HR continues to inc to max - trained people SV inc to keep HR down - untrained people have a limited SV (rely on HR to in Q)
55
Coronary Artery/Heart disease (CAD)
- group of diseases with similar mechanism - causing blockage and hardening of arteries - resulting in restriction of blood flow to tissues - endothelial cells protect artery wall from damage
56
Causes of CAD
- atherosclerosis - narrowing of artery - plaque coats inside of vessels in response to damage - can happen anywhere in the body - arteriosclerosis - hardening/thickness of artery wall - due to infection/inflammation, plaque, scar tissue - age
57
Atherosclerosis process (fatty streak)
- lipoproteins, microphages, and platelets - forms between layers of arteries (under endothelial cells)
58
Atherosclerosis process (formation of plaque)
- fatty streak material grows - narrows interior walls = inc pressure
59
Atherosclerosis process (plaque rupture)
- due to high pressure/trauma - endothelial tissue tares
60
Atherosclerosis process (thrombosis)
- formed to plug the rupture - clot inside the vessels - grows with trauma
61
Atherosclerosis process (occlusion)
- blocks vessels - embolism is a thrombosis that broke free
62
Atherosclerosis resulting problems
- ischemia - inadequate blood supply - angina pectoris (chest pain) - myocardial infarction (MI) - heart attack - causes death of myocardium (permeant damage)
63
Atherosclerosis treatment
- improve CV fitness - angioplasty - stent - bypass surgery
64
Blood flow
change in pressure (P1-P2) / resistance to flow
65
Blood flow resistance
- dec resistance = inc flow - inc radius = inc flow
66
Blood pressure
- dependent on body size - dec with distance from heart - inc as Q inc - dec capacitance improves (inc stretch = dec BP) - difference during cardiac cycle
67
Resting BP
120/80 mmHg in brachial artery 0-20 mmHg in venules and veins
68
Hypertension
- 47% of Americans have high BP - major risk for cardiovascular disease
69
elevated BP
- systolic: 120-129 - diastolic is normal
70
high BP (hypertension)
- systolic: 130-139 - diastolic: 80-89
71
BP and exercise
- acute - chronic - both aerobic and weight training improve capacitance
72
Plasma components
- 55-60% of BV - 90% water - 7% plasma proteins - 3% other
73
Plasma volume changes with exercise
- dec 10-20% during intense/prolonged exercise - inc BP forces plasma into intervascular spaces - can inc 10-20% at rest from adaptation to training
74
Hematocrit
- ratio of solid to liquids as %
75
Hematocrit components
- formed elements make up 40-45 % of blood - 99% RBC and 1% WBC/platelets
76
Red blood cells
- transport O2 via hemoglobin - produced in bone marrow of long bones - nuclei is removed in production so it can not repair itself (last 3-4 months)
77
Platelets
- blood clotting - contribute to plaque build up = atherosclerosis
78
Arterial venous oxygen difference
- difference of O2 levels in blood entering tissues compared to leaving tissues - measured in mL of O2/100 mL of blood - 19 ml O2/100mL is fully saturated
79
Causes of gas exchange in tissues
- concentration difference between blood and tissues - occurs in skeletal muscles and lungs
80
O2 use at rest
- 5 mL/100mL
81
O2 use during exercise
- >15 mL/100mL
82
Fick (VO2) equation
=Q x (a-v O2 diff)
83
VO2 adaptions with exercise
- both variables (Q and a-v O2 diff) inc with exercise and over time with training
84
Blood flow to active muscle is determined by
- BP and shunting - SNS general vasoconstriction = inc BP - local vessel dilation = dec pressure in muscle - forces/draws blood to active muscles
85
Redistribution of blood flow at rest
15-20% of Q goes to skeletal muscle
86
Redistribution of blood flow during exercise
80-85% of Q goes to skeletal muscles
87
During exercise blood flow to everywhere other then skeletal muscles dec expect for
- heart - brain - skin
88
BF and parallel circuity
- allows direct flow from aorta to all organs individually
89
Extrinsic control of BF
vasodilation/constriction via sympathetic nervous system
90
Norepinephrine
vasocontraction in arterial of skin and viscera
91
Acetylcholine
vasodilation in skeletal mucsles
92
Adrenal medulla releases epinephrine
vasodilation in skeletal mucsles
93
Intrinsic control of BF
- autoregulation - changes in skeletal muscles (acid levels) stimulate chemoreceptors and inc vasodilation
94
Venous return
- blood needs to get back to the heart to maintain Q - venoconstriction via sympathetic stimulation (non-skeletal muscle tissue) - muscle pump: contractions pump blood though one-way valves - respiratory pump: rhythmic muscle contractions - body position
95
Cardiovascular drift
- occurs with prolong steady-state exercise - gradual dec in SV and arterial pressure causes inc HR to main Q
96
Cardiovascular drift is caused by
- reduced plasma volume (dehydration) - inc temp - reduced diastolic heart function

Ex Phys (ESC280) (7 decks)

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